{"id":9491,"date":"2024-01-25T17:44:47","date_gmt":"2024-01-25T17:44:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/?p=9491"},"modified":"2024-03-28T00:39:35","modified_gmt":"2024-03-28T00:39:35","slug":"report-uncovers-the-dynamics-of-north-koreas-resurging-ai-industry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/pt\/2024\/01\/report-uncovers-the-dynamics-of-north-koreas-resurging-ai-industry\/","title":{"rendered":"Relat\u00f3rio revela a din\u00e2mica da ind\u00fastria de IA que est\u00e1 a ressurgir na Coreia do Norte"},"content":{"rendered":"

Numa an\u00e1lise divulgada por Hyuk Kim do Centro James Martin de Estudos sobre a N\u00e3o Prolifera\u00e7\u00e3o, a Coreia do Norte est\u00e1 a intensificar a sua incurs\u00e3o na IA e no ML.<\/b><\/p>\n

O relat\u00f3rio examinou as aplica\u00e7\u00f5es civis e militares do pa\u00eds, proporcionando um raro vislumbre das estrat\u00e9gias tecnol\u00f3gicas do Estado secreto.<\/span><\/p>\n

Na d\u00e9cada de 1990, a Coreia do Norte foi considerada um dos pioneiros da IA, com a sua <\/span>Sistema Eunbyul<\/span><\/a> desenvolvido pelo Centro de Computa\u00e7\u00e3o da Coreia em 1997, ganhou competi\u00e7\u00f5es internacionais de \"Go\" at\u00e9 2010. Tendo vencido em Go logo em 1998, foi o l\u00edder do Campeonato Mundial de Go por computador de 2003 a 2006.<\/span><\/p>\n

De facto, Eunbyul utilizou muitas das mesmas t\u00e9cnicas de Monte Carlo que o sistema AlphaGo da Google, consideravelmente mais famoso, que fez manchetes tecnol\u00f3gicas quando derrotou o campe\u00e3o Lee Sedol em 2016. Em 2010, o Eunbyul tinha 16 CPUs, enquanto o AlphaGo tinha 1.920 em 2016.<\/span><\/p>\n

Isto aconteceu numa altura em que as rela\u00e7\u00f5es entre a Coreia do Norte e a Coreia do Sul, o Jap\u00e3o e outros pa\u00edses que tradicionalmente jogam Go estavam num ponto alto.<\/p>\n

\"AI
O campe\u00e3o do jogo de tabuleiro asi\u00e1tico \"Go\" foi conquistado pelo AlphaGo da DeepMind em 2016, mas outros sistemas garantiram vit\u00f3rias muito antes disso. Fonte: Not\u00edcias NK<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00c0 medida que a Coreia do Norte se foi tornando cada vez mais obscura e as tens\u00f5es com o Ocidente aumentaram, enquanto a na\u00e7\u00e3o comunista lutava contra os seus pr\u00f3prios dem\u00f3nios de pobreza e mis\u00e9ria, a sua ind\u00fastria de IA foi inevitavelmente diminuindo.<\/span><\/p>\n

Um estudo do Instituto de Estrat\u00e9gia Futura do Banco de Desenvolvimento da Coreia, de 2017, afirmava que \"para garantir as mais recentes tecnologias de IA, o Norte tem de fazer um investimento maci\u00e7o em hardware e software\" e que \"a Coreia do Norte, sem dinheiro, dever\u00e1 bater num muro no desenvolvimento das tecnologias\".<\/p>\n

No entanto, este <\/span>nova an\u00e1lise de Hyuk Kim<\/span><\/a> descobriu que a Coreia do Norte tem encontrado formas de acompanhar os avan\u00e7os da IA\/ML nos \u00faltimos anos.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Kim observa que, embora \"as tentativas de aquisi\u00e7\u00e3o de hardware para o desenvolvimento da IA possam ser dificultadas, as informa\u00e7\u00f5es de fonte aberta, incluindo artigos de revistas cient\u00edficas e meios de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o social estatais, sugerem que a Coreia do Norte est\u00e1 a desenvolver e a promover ativamente a tecnologia de IA\/ML em v\u00e1rios sectores\".<\/span><\/p>\n

O relat\u00f3rio analisa a forma como o governo, o meio acad\u00e9mico e a ind\u00fastria da Coreia do Norte colaboram para desenvolver tecnologias de IA.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Numa altera\u00e7\u00e3o constitucional em 2019, a Coreia do Norte acrescentou a \"informatiza\u00e7\u00e3o\" \u00e0s suas principais estrat\u00e9gias econ\u00f3micas, ilustrando o compromisso da na\u00e7\u00e3o em integrar a IA no seu plano econ\u00f3mico.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

A cria\u00e7\u00e3o do Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Intelig\u00eancia Artificial em 2013, que mais tarde se fundiu com o Minist\u00e9rio da Ind\u00fastria da Informa\u00e7\u00e3o, tamb\u00e9m marcou um passo decisivo para intensificar a I&D em IA.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Frentes acad\u00e9micas e comerciais no avan\u00e7o da IA<\/h2>\n

As institui\u00e7\u00f5es de ensino da Coreia do Norte, como a Universidade Kim Il Sung, lideram a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o sobre IA no pa\u00eds.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

O Centro de Desenvolvimento de Alta Tecnologia da universidade, criado em 2014, e os subsequentes programas centrados na IA noutras universidades de todo o pa\u00eds ilustram um enfoque rejuvenescido na tecnologia de IA.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"AI
Universidade Kim II Sung. Fonte: Wikimedia Commons.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

A n\u00edvel comercial, empresas norte-coreanas como a Mangyongdae Information Technology Corporation lan\u00e7aram telem\u00f3veis com IA integrada e a Yalu River Technology Development Company utilizou a IA em sistemas de seguran\u00e7a.<\/span><\/p>\n

O relat\u00f3rio de Kim descreve: \"Em 2020, a Corpora\u00e7\u00e3o de Tecnologia da Informa\u00e7\u00e3o Mangyongdae (\ub9cc\uacbd\ub300 \uc815\ubcf4\ub300\uae30\uc220\uc0ac)\u00a0lan\u00e7ado<\/a>\u00a0dois telem\u00f3veis, o Azalea 6 e 7 (Jindallae<\/em> 6, 7, \uc9c4\ub2ec\ub798 6, 7). A empresa afirma ter incorporado com \u00eaxito tecnologias de reconhecimento de impress\u00f5es digitais, voz, rosto e texto, baseadas em redes neurais profundas (DNN), neste dispositivo.\"<\/p>\n

A Coreia do Norte est\u00e1 agora a promover ativamente a coopera\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9cnica nacional e, tal como referido, pretende \"promover ativamente a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e o desenvolvimento em colabora\u00e7\u00e3o com empresas de TI de renome de mais de 20 pa\u00edses\".<\/span><\/p>\n

Entre os principais, mas ainda t\u00e9nues, aliados da na\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e3o a R\u00fassia e a China, mas partilham rela\u00e7\u00f5es com o Paquist\u00e3o, a Bulg\u00e1ria, o Benim, a Mal\u00e1sia e Madag\u00e1scar.<\/p>\n

Alegadamente, tamb\u00e9m armas vendidas<\/a> a pa\u00edses do M\u00e9dio Oriente. Estas rela\u00e7\u00f5es oferecem alguma margem de manobra para o desenvolvimento da IA norte-coreana, embora a aquisi\u00e7\u00e3o de hardware de IA topo de gama por parte da na\u00e7\u00e3o a l\u00edderes como a Nvidia seja altamente restrita.<\/p>\n

Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es duplas: civil e militar<\/h2>\n

Outro aspeto do estudo de Kim \u00e9 o potencial de dupla utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o da IA na Coreia do Norte, algo que tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 frequentemente debatido no Ocidente.<\/span><\/p>\n

O conceito aqui \u00e9 que os mesmos modelos de IA poderosos utilizados para fins amplamente \"bons\" tamb\u00e9m s\u00e3o capazes de ter impactos negativos.<\/p>\n

A natureza de dupla utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o da IA torna a regulamenta\u00e7\u00e3o e a proibi\u00e7\u00e3o intrinsecamente complexas.<\/p>\n

Na frente social da Coreia do Norte, a IA est\u00e1 a ser utilizada para melhorar a seguran\u00e7a nuclear, diz o relat\u00f3rio.\u00a0 <\/span>Um exemplo digno de nota \u00e9 o trabalho dos cientistas nucleares norte-coreanos Ho Il Mun e So Chol, que publicou um estudo<\/a> sobre a otimiza\u00e7\u00e3o da seguran\u00e7a dos reactores nucleares utilizando algoritmos gen\u00e9ticos, uma t\u00e9cnica de aprendizagem autom\u00e1tica. <\/span><\/p>\n

Curiosamente, esta t\u00e9cnica envolve imitar as fun\u00e7\u00f5es dos genes, como a muta\u00e7\u00e3o e o cruzamento. Foi publicada numa revista de refer\u00eancia, Anais da Energia Nuclear<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Simultaneamente, as potenciais aplica\u00e7\u00f5es militares das tecnologias de IA s\u00e3o exploradas no relat\u00f3rio de Kim.<\/span><\/p>\n

Embora os pormenores sobre as utiliza\u00e7\u00f5es militares n\u00e3o sejam muito detalhados, existem preocupa\u00e7\u00f5es crescentes de que a IA venha a aumentar os agentes de amea\u00e7as da Coreia do Norte, da China e da R\u00fassia.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Os piratas inform\u00e1ticos norte-coreanos j\u00e1 lan\u00e7aram um vasto repert\u00f3rio de ciberataques bem sucedidos - que a IA poderia aumentar.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Em fevereiro de 2021, um parecer conjunto sobre ciberseguran\u00e7a emitido por v\u00e1rias ag\u00eancias norte-americanas e pelos servi\u00e7os secretos sul-coreanos discutiu o aumento dos ataques de ransomware, visando sobretudo os sectores da sa\u00fade e da sa\u00fade p\u00fablica.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

A amea\u00e7a agravou-se com o <\/span>Maui ransomware<\/span><\/a> ataques em julho de 2022. De acordo com um comunicado conjunto do FBI, da CISA e do Departamento do Tesouro, desde, pelo menos, maio de 2021, os intervenientes patrocinados pelo Estado norte-coreano t\u00eam vindo a utilizar este ransomware espec\u00edfico para visar novamente o sector da sa\u00fade.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

abril de 2022 viu outro desenvolvimento nas opera\u00e7\u00f5es cibern\u00e9ticas da Coreia do Norte. Um comunicado conjunto destacou o direcionamento de empresas de blockchain por um grupo de amea\u00e7as avan\u00e7adas patrocinado pelo estado norte-coreano conhecido como Lazarus Group, APT38, BlueNoroff e Stardust Chollima.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Esta s\u00e9rie de ataques culminou num processo federal nos EUA, que acusou tr\u00eas programadores inform\u00e1ticos norte-coreanos de uma conspira\u00e7\u00e3o criminosa em grande escala. Esta acusa\u00e7\u00e3o expandiu-se a partir de um caso de 2018 que detalhava os ataques \u00e0 Sony Pictures e ao ransomware WannaCry.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

O processo alegava que estes programadores faziam parte de um esfor\u00e7o concertado para roubar mais de $1,3 mil milh\u00f5es atrav\u00e9s de ciberataques a bancos e empresas, criar e implementar aplica\u00e7\u00f5es maliciosas de criptomoeda e desenvolver uma plataforma de blockchain fraudulenta.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nos \u00faltimos dois anos, a Coreia do Norte tem aparecido de forma prol\u00edfica nas an\u00e1lises de risco cibern\u00e9tico. A recente previs\u00e3o de ciberseguran\u00e7a da Google Cloud destacou a crescente amea\u00e7a que a IA representa na cibercriminalidade, com especial \u00eanfase nas capacidades cibern\u00e9ticas da Coreia do Norte.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

O relat\u00f3rio<\/span><\/a> salientou a maior sofistica\u00e7\u00e3o dos e-mails e mensagens SMS de phishing devido aos modelos de linguagem de grande dimens\u00e3o (LLM), indicando que actores como a Coreia do Norte poderiam utilizar a IA generativa para conduzir ciberataques mais eficazes.<\/span><\/p>\n

Num relat\u00f3rio paralelo, o Centro de An\u00e1lise de Amea\u00e7as da Microsoft (MTAC) tamb\u00e9m revelou as amea\u00e7as tecnol\u00f3gicas e de IA da \u00c1sia Oriental, incluindo a China e a Coreia do Norte.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Microsoft <\/span>o relat\u00f3rio afirma<\/span><\/a>Para al\u00e9m do que observ\u00e1mos na China, a Coreia do Norte \u00e9 uma amea\u00e7a cibern\u00e9tica capaz, centrada na recolha de informa\u00e7\u00f5es e no roubo de criptomoedas necess\u00e1rias para gerar receitas para o Estado\".\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

A Coreia do Norte pode aceder livremente a modelos de fonte aberta como o LLaMA 2, que est\u00e1 quase ao mesmo n\u00edvel do LLM l\u00edder mundial, o GPT-4.<\/p>\n

Apesar das san\u00e7\u00f5es internacionais, parece evidente que a Coreia do Norte est\u00e1 a fazer progressos no dom\u00ednio da IA, uma tecnologia com duplo potencial de utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o, tanto social como militar - tal como no Ocidente.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Numa an\u00e1lise divulgada por Hyuk Kim do Centro James Martin para Estudos de N\u00e3o Prolifera\u00e7\u00e3o, a Coreia do Norte est\u00e1 a intensificar a sua incurs\u00e3o na IA e no ML. O relat\u00f3rio examinou as aplica\u00e7\u00f5es civis e militares do pa\u00eds, fornecendo um raro vislumbre das estrat\u00e9gias tecnol\u00f3gicas do estado secreto. Na d\u00e9cada de 1990, a Coreia do Norte foi considerada um dos pioneiros da IA, com o seu sistema Eunbyul, desenvolvido pelo Centro de Computa\u00e7\u00e3o da Coreia em 1997, a ganhar competi\u00e7\u00f5es internacionais de \"Go\" at\u00e9 2010. Tendo ganho em Go logo em 1998, foi o l\u00edder do Campeonato Mundial de Go por computador de 2003 a 2006. De facto, o Eunbyul utilizou muitos dos<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":9494,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[88],"tags":[364],"class_list":["post-9491","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ethics","tag-north-korea"],"yoast_head":"\nReport uncovers the dynamics of North Korea's resurging AI industry | DailyAI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In an analysis released by Hyuk Kim from the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, North Korea is stepping up its foray into AI and ML.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/pt\/2024\/01\/report-uncovers-the-dynamics-of-north-koreas-resurging-ai-industry\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" 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