{"id":14299,"date":"2024-09-22T10:54:13","date_gmt":"2024-09-22T10:54:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/?p=14299"},"modified":"2024-09-23T17:18:41","modified_gmt":"2024-09-23T17:18:41","slug":"the-2024-nature-index-reveals-how-ai-is-transforming-every-aspect-of-scientific-research","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/pt\/2024\/09\/the-2024-nature-index-reveals-how-ai-is-transforming-every-aspect-of-scientific-research\/","title":{"rendered":"O Nature Index 2024 revela como a IA est\u00e1 a transformar todos os aspectos da investiga\u00e7\u00e3o cient\u00edfica"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>O suplemento do Nature Index de 2024 sobre Intelig\u00eancia Artificial, publicado esta semana, revela um mundo cient\u00edfico em plena mudan\u00e7a de paradigma impulsionada pela IA.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Este relat\u00f3rio anual, publicado pela revista Nature, acompanha a ci\u00eancia de alta qualidade, medindo os resultados da investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em 82 revistas de ci\u00eancias naturais, selecionadas por um painel independente de investigadores.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A \u00faltima edi\u00e7\u00e3o ilustra a forma como a IA n\u00e3o est\u00e1 apenas a mudar o que os cientistas estudam, mas a alterar fundamentalmente a forma como a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 conduzida, avaliada e aplicada a n\u00edvel mundial.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uma das tend\u00eancias mais marcantes reveladas no \u00cdndice \u00e9 o aumento de <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-024-02986-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">investiga\u00e7\u00e3o empresarial sobre IA<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. As empresas norte-americanas mais do que duplicaram a sua produ\u00e7\u00e3o nas revistas do \u00cdndice Nature desde 2019, com a sua quota (uma m\u00e9trica utilizada pelo \u00cdndice para medir a produ\u00e7\u00e3o de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o) a aumentar de 51,8 para 106,5.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No entanto, este boom na atividade de I&amp;D tem um sen\u00e3o - continua a representar apenas 3,8% do total da produ\u00e7\u00e3o de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em IA dos EUA nestas publica\u00e7\u00f5es. Essencialmente, apesar de um grande aumento da I&amp;D em IA nas empresas, n\u00e3o vimos esses esfor\u00e7os reflectidos nos resultados da investiga\u00e7\u00e3o p\u00fablica.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Isto levanta quest\u00f5es sobre a localiza\u00e7\u00e3o da investiga\u00e7\u00e3o empresarial em IA. Estar\u00e3o as empresas a publicar os seus trabalhos mais inovadores noutros locais ou a mant\u00ea-los fechados a sete chaves? <\/span><\/p>\n<p>A resposta \u00e9 um conjunto de nomes e narrativas concorrentes. A OpenAI, a Microsoft, a Google, a Anthropic e um punhado de outras empresas est\u00e3o firmemente enraizadas no modelo de c\u00f3digo fechado, mas a ind\u00fastria de IA de c\u00f3digo aberto, liderada pela Meta, Mistral e outras, est\u00e1 a ganhar terreno rapidamente.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A contribuir para este facto, a disparidade de financiamento entre as empresas privadas e as institui\u00e7\u00f5es p\u00fablicas no dom\u00ednio da investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em IA \u00e9 impressionante.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Em 2021, de acordo com o Relat\u00f3rio do \u00cdndice de IA da Universidade de Stanford, o investimento do sector privado em IA a n\u00edvel mundial atingiu aproximadamente $93,5 mil milh\u00f5es.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Isto inclui despesas de gigantes da tecnologia como a Google, a Microsoft e a Amazon, bem como de empresas em fase de arranque centradas na IA e de outras empresas de v\u00e1rios sectores.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Em contrapartida, o financiamento p\u00fablico da investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em IA \u00e9 muito inferior. Em 2021, as despesas do governo dos EUA com I&amp;D em IA n\u00e3o relacionada com a defesa foram de cerca de $1,5 mil milh\u00f5es, enquanto a Comiss\u00e3o Europeia atribuiu cerca de mil milh\u00f5es de euros (aproximadamente $1,1 mil milh\u00f5es) \u00e0 investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em IA nesse ano.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Esta lacuna na despesa com recursos est\u00e1 a dar \u00e0s empresas privadas uma vantagem no desenvolvimento da IA. Estas empresas podem dispor de recursos inform\u00e1ticos mais potentes e de conjuntos de dados maiores e atrair os melhores talentos com sal\u00e1rios mais elevados.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\"Estamos a assistir cada vez mais a uma situa\u00e7\u00e3o em que a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de alto n\u00edvel em IA \u00e9 feita principalmente nos laborat\u00f3rios de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de um n\u00famero bastante reduzido de empresas, na sua maioria sediadas nos EUA\". <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-024-02985-3\">explicou Holger Hoos<\/a>, um investigador de IA na Universidade RWTH Aachen, na Alemanha.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enquanto os EUA mant\u00eam a sua lideran\u00e7a na investiga\u00e7\u00e3o sobre IA, pa\u00edses como a China, o Reino Unido e a Alemanha est\u00e3o a emergir como importantes centros de inova\u00e7\u00e3o e colabora\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No entanto, este crescimento n\u00e3o \u00e9 uniforme em todo o mundo.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A \u00c1frica do Sul \u00e9 o \u00fanico pa\u00eds africano entre os 40 primeiros em termos de produ\u00e7\u00e3o de IA, o que mostra como o fosso digital corre o risco de se agravar na era da IA.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong>IA na revis\u00e3o por pares: promessa e perigo<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A revis\u00e3o por pares garante o rigor acad\u00e9mico e metodol\u00f3gico e a transpar\u00eancia quando os artigos s\u00e3o submetidos a revistas. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Este ano, um artigo sem sentido com test\u00edculos de rato gigantes gerados por IA foi <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/pt\/2024\/02\/peer-reviewed-paper-published-in-frontiers-with-nonsense-ai-images\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">publicado em Frontiers<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">indicando que o processo de revis\u00e3o pelos pares est\u00e1 longe de ser impenetr\u00e1vel.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Algu\u00e9m usou <span class=\"noTranslate\" data-no-translation=\"\"><span class=\"noTranslate\" data-no-translation=\"\"><span class=\"noTranslate\" data-no-translation=\"\"><span class=\"noTranslate\" data-no-translation=\"\"><span class=\"noTranslate\" data-no-translation=\"\"><span class=\"noTranslate\" data-no-translation=\"\"><span class=\"noTranslate\" data-no-translation=\"\">DALL-E<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> para criar n\u00fameros cient\u00edficos de dif\u00edcil compreens\u00e3o e submet\u00ea-los a <span class=\"noTranslate\" data-no-translation=\"\"><span class=\"noTranslate\" data-no-translation=\"\"><span class=\"noTranslate\" data-no-translation=\"\"><span class=\"noTranslate\" data-no-translation=\"\"><span class=\"noTranslate\" data-no-translation=\"\"><span class=\"noTranslate\" data-no-translation=\"\"><span class=\"noTranslate\" data-no-translation=\"\">Frontiers Journal<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. E adivinha? O editor publicou-o. LOL<a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/hjQkRQDkal\">https:\/\/t.co\/hjQkRQDkal<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/aV1USo6Vt2\">https:\/\/t.co\/aV1<span class=\"noTranslate\" data-no-translation=\"\"><span class=\"noTranslate\" data-no-translation=\"\"><span class=\"noTranslate\" data-no-translation=\"\"><span class=\"noTranslate\" data-no-translation=\"\"><span class=\"noTranslate\" data-no-translation=\"\"><span class=\"noTranslate\" data-no-translation=\"\"><span class=\"noTranslate\" data-no-translation=\"\">US<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>o6Vt2<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/VAkjJkY4dR\">pic.twitter.com\/VAkjJkY4dR<\/a><\/p>\n<p>- Veera Rajagopal \uea00 (@doctorveera) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/doctorveera\/status\/1758130007400915131?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">15 de fevereiro de 2024<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Experi\u00eancias recentes mostraram que a IA pode gerar relat\u00f3rios de avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da investiga\u00e7\u00e3o que s\u00e3o quase indistingu\u00edveis dos escritos por peritos humanos.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No ano passado, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/pt\/2023\/10\/chatgpt-shows-strengths-in-emulating-the-peer-review-process\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">uma experi\u00eancia<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> testando as revis\u00f5es pelos pares do ChatGPT em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com os revisores humanos do mesmo artigo, verific\u00e1mos que mais de 50% dos coment\u00e1rios da IA nos artigos da Nature e mais de 77% nos artigos do ICLR estavam de acordo com os pontos levantados pelos revisores humanos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Naturalmente, o ChatGPT \u00e9 muito mais r\u00e1pido do que os revisores humanos. \"Est\u00e1 a tornar-se cada vez mais dif\u00edcil para os investigadores obterem feedback de alta qualidade dos revisores\", afirmou James Zou, da Universidade de Stanford, o investigador principal da experi\u00eancia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>A rela\u00e7\u00e3o da IA com a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 a levantar quest\u00f5es fundamentais sobre a avalia\u00e7\u00e3o cient\u00edfica e sobre se o julgamento humano \u00e9 intr\u00ednseco ao processo. O equil\u00edbrio entre a efici\u00eancia da IA e o discernimento humano \u00e9 uma das v\u00e1rias quest\u00f5es fundamentais com que os cientistas de todas as origens ter\u00e3o de se debater nos pr\u00f3ximos anos.<\/p>\n<p>Em breve, a IA poder\u00e1 ser capaz de gerir todo o processo de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, do princ\u00edpio ao fim, podendo assim afastar completamente os investigadores humanos.<\/p>\n<p>Por exemplo, <a href=\"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/pt\/2024\/08\/ai-scientist-performs-fully-automatic-scientific-discovery\/\"><span class=\"noTranslate\" data-no-translation=\"\"><span class=\"noTranslate\" data-no-translation=\"\"><span class=\"noTranslate\" data-no-translation=\"\"><span class=\"noTranslate\" data-no-translation=\"\"><span class=\"noTranslate\" data-no-translation=\"\"><span class=\"noTranslate\" data-no-translation=\"\"><span class=\"noTranslate\" data-no-translation=\"\">Sakana<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Cientista de IA da<\/a> gera autonomamente novas ideias de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, concebe e realiza experi\u00eancias e at\u00e9 escreve e rev\u00ea artigos cient\u00edficos. Isto deixa antever um futuro em que a IA poder\u00e1 conduzir a descobertas cient\u00edficas com um m\u00ednimo de interven\u00e7\u00e3o humana.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No que respeita \u00e0 metodologia, a utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o da aprendizagem autom\u00e1tica (ML) para processar e analisar dados acarreta riscos. Princeton <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/pt\/2024\/05\/princeton-led-team-warns-that-machine-learning-brings-peril-to-science\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">os investigadores argumentaram<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> que, uma vez que muitas t\u00e9cnicas de ML n\u00e3o podem ser facilmente reproduzidas, este facto prejudica a replicabilidade das experi\u00eancias - um princ\u00edpio fundamental da ci\u00eancia de alta qualidade.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Em \u00faltima an\u00e1lise, a ascens\u00e3o da IA a um lugar de destaque em todos os aspectos da investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e da ci\u00eancia est\u00e1 a ganhar for\u00e7a, e o processo \u00e9 provavelmente irrevers\u00edvel.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No ano passado, a Nature <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/pt\/2023\/09\/science-journal-nature-surveys-1600-researchers-about-ai\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">inquiriu 1.600 investigadores<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> e descobriu que 66% acreditam que a IA permite um processamento de dados mais r\u00e1pido, 58% que acelera an\u00e1lises anteriormente invi\u00e1veis e 55% sentem que \u00e9 uma solu\u00e7\u00e3o que poupa tempo e custos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Como conclui Simon Baker, autor principal da s\u00edntese do suplemento: \"A IA est\u00e1 a mudar para sempre a forma como os investigadores trabalham, mas a per\u00edcia humana tem de continuar a prevalecer\".<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A quest\u00e3o que se coloca agora \u00e9 a de saber como \u00e9 que a comunidade cient\u00edfica mundial se adaptar\u00e1 ao papel da IA na investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, garantindo que a revolu\u00e7\u00e3o da IA na ci\u00eancia beneficia toda a humanidade e sem riscos imprevistos que causem estragos na ci\u00eancia.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Tal como acontece com muitos aspectos da tecnologia, dominar tanto os benef\u00edcios como os riscos \u00e9 um desafio, mas necess\u00e1rio para garantir um caminho seguro.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>O suplemento 2024 do \u00cdndice da Natureza sobre Intelig\u00eancia Artificial, publicado esta semana, revela um mundo cient\u00edfico em plena mudan\u00e7a de paradigma impulsionada pela IA.  Este relat\u00f3rio anual, publicado pela revista Nature, acompanha a ci\u00eancia de alta qualidade medindo os resultados da investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em 82 revistas de ci\u00eancias naturais, selecionadas por um painel independente de investigadores. A \u00faltima edi\u00e7\u00e3o ilustra como a IA n\u00e3o est\u00e1 apenas a mudar o que os cientistas estudam, mas a alterar fundamentalmente a forma como a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 conduzida, avaliada e aplicada a n\u00edvel global.  Uma das tend\u00eancias mais marcantes reveladas no \u00cdndice \u00e9 o aumento da investiga\u00e7\u00e3o empresarial sobre IA. As empresas norte-americanas mais do que duplicaram a sua produ\u00e7\u00e3o em<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":14303,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[88],"tags":[105,135],"class_list":["post-14299","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ethics","tag-machine-learning","tag-science"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The 2024 Nature Index reveals how AI is transforming every aspect of scientific research | DailyAI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/pt\/2024\/09\/the-2024-nature-index-reveals-how-ai-is-transforming-every-aspect-of-scientific-research\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The 2024 Nature Index reveals how AI is transforming every aspect of scientific research | DailyAI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The 2024 Nature Index supplement on Artificial Intelligence, released this week, reveals a scientific world in the throes of an AI-driven paradigm shift.\u00a0 This annual report, published by the journal Nature, tracks high-quality science by measuring research outputs in 82 natural science journals, selected by an independent panel of researchers. The latest edition illustrates how AI is not just changing what scientists study, but fundamentally altering how research is conducted, evaluated, and applied globally.\u00a0 One of the most striking trends revealed in the Index is the surge in corporate AI research. US companies have more than doubled their output in\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/pt\/2024\/09\/the-2024-nature-index-reveals-how-ai-is-transforming-every-aspect-of-scientific-research\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"DailyAI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-09-22T10:54:13+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-09-23T17:18:41+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/DALL\u00b7E-2024-09-22-11.55.33-A-smooth-and-photorealistic-depiction-of-AI-transforming-scientific-research.-In-the-center-a-glowing-AI-brain-or-neural-network-is-elegantly-integra.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1792\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Sam Jeans\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" 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