{"id":13217,"date":"2024-07-03T16:35:04","date_gmt":"2024-07-03T16:35:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/?p=13217"},"modified":"2024-07-03T23:18:02","modified_gmt":"2024-07-03T23:18:02","slug":"ai-unravels-birdwing-butterfly-evolution-shedding-light-on-evolutionary-debates","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/pt\/2024\/07\/ai-unravels-birdwing-butterfly-evolution-shedding-light-on-evolutionary-debates\/","title":{"rendered":"A IA desvenda a evolu\u00e7\u00e3o das borboletas com asas de p\u00e1ssaro, lan\u00e7ando luz sobre debates evolutivos"},"content":{"rendered":"

A biologia evolutiva foi definida por Charles Darwin, mas teve os seus cr\u00edticos, como Alfred Russel Wallace, que acrescentou a teoria da evolu\u00e7\u00e3o tal como a conhecemos atualmente.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Agora, a IA contribuiu com a sua pr\u00f3pria investiga\u00e7\u00e3o para este debate gra\u00e7as a um <\/span>estudo recente<\/span><\/a> da Universidade de Essex, publicado na revista Communications Biology.<\/span><\/p>\n

Darwin e Wallace debateram o que est\u00e1 na origem da not\u00e1vel diversidade que observamos na natureza, em particular as diferen\u00e7as marcantes entre machos e f\u00eameas da mesma esp\u00e9cie. <\/span><\/p>\n

O forte dimorfismo sexual e o dicromatismo s\u00e3o frequentemente mais proeminentes nos insectos e nas aves.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Darwin prop\u00f4s que a apar\u00eancia frequentemente extravagante dos membros masculinos da mesma esp\u00e9cie resultava da sele\u00e7\u00e3o sexual, com as f\u00eameas a escolherem os seus companheiros com base em prefer\u00eancias est\u00e9ticas.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Wallace, no entanto, contrap\u00f4s que a sele\u00e7\u00e3o natural, actuando em ambos os sexos, era a principal for\u00e7a que moldava estas diferen\u00e7as.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

A Dra. Jennifer Hoyal Cuthill, da Universidade de Essex, e a sua equipa embarcaram numa miss\u00e3o para desvendar os segredos evolutivos das deslumbrantes borboletas do grupo das asas de p\u00e1ssaro<\/span><\/p>\n

Como Dr. Hoyal Cuthill <\/span>explicado numa publica\u00e7\u00e3o no blogue<\/span><\/a>Pela primeira vez, somos capazes de medir as extens\u00f5es vis\u00edveis da evolu\u00e7\u00e3o para testar a quantidade de varia\u00e7\u00e3o presente em diferentes grupos biol\u00f3gicos e entre machos e f\u00eameas\".<\/span><\/p>\n

\"borboletas\"
Os machos (\u00e0 esquerda) s\u00e3o geralmente mais coloridos do que as f\u00eameas (\u00e0 direita), mas n\u00e3o necessariamente mais diversificados. Fonte: Wikimedia Commons.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Como funcionou o estudo<\/h2>\n

Os investigadores utilizaram a IA para analisar umas impressionantes 16.000 fotografias de borboletas asa de p\u00e1ssaro, representando 35 esp\u00e9cies e 131 subesp\u00e9cies, do Museu de Hist\u00f3ria Natural de Londres.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

O processo \u00e9 o seguinte:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Curadoria e digitaliza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/b>: A extensa cole\u00e7\u00e3o de borboletas birdwing do museu foi cuidadosamente selecionada e digitalizada, fornecendo fotografias de alta qualidade de esp\u00e9cimes machos e f\u00eameas.<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. Forma\u00e7\u00e3o em IA<\/b>: Os investigadores treinaram um algoritmo de IA chamado ButterflyNet para reconhecer e agrupar imagens com base nas suas semelhan\u00e7as visuais, permitindo \u00e0 IA identificar padr\u00f5es e varia\u00e7\u00f5es entre as borboletas.<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. Incorpora\u00e7\u00e3o e an\u00e1lise<\/b>: O ButterflyNet gerou um \"espa\u00e7o de borboletas\" multidimensional onde imagens semelhantes foram agrupadas, permitindo aos investigadores examinar as rela\u00e7\u00f5es evolutivas e as diferen\u00e7as entre esp\u00e9cies e sexos.<\/span><\/li>\n
  4. Valida\u00e7\u00e3o gen\u00e9tica<\/b>: Para confirmar o significado biol\u00f3gico das descobertas da IA, os embeddings aprendidos por m\u00e1quina foram comparados com dados gen\u00e9ticos, assegurando o alinhamento com a hist\u00f3ria evolutiva das borboletas birdwing.<\/span><\/li>\n
  5. Quantifica\u00e7\u00e3o da varia\u00e7\u00e3o sexual<\/b>: A equipa desenvolveu uma nova medida denominada \"diferen\u00e7a de disparidade sexual\" para quantificar a extens\u00e3o da varia\u00e7\u00e3o entre machos e f\u00eameas, fornecendo informa\u00e7\u00f5es sobre as contribui\u00e7\u00f5es de cada sexo para a diversidade global.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Os resultados do estudo apoiaram as teorias de Darwin e de Wallace. <\/span><\/p>\n

    Os machos das borboletas asa de p\u00e1ssaro exibiam, em geral, formas e padr\u00f5es mais distintos do que as f\u00eameas, o que est\u00e1 de acordo com a ideia de Darwin de sele\u00e7\u00e3o sexual.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    No entanto, a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o tamb\u00e9m revelou uma varia\u00e7\u00e3o substancial entre as f\u00eameas, particularmente no g\u00e9nero Troides. <\/span><\/p>\n

    Em particular, algumas borboletas f\u00eameas apresentaram uma maior diversidade do que os seus hom\u00f3logos masculinos, apoiando a hip\u00f3tese de Wallace de que a sele\u00e7\u00e3o natural pode conduzir a diverg\u00eancias nos fen\u00f3tipos femininos.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \"ML
    Mapas de calor que mostram diferen\u00e7as na disparidade sexual entre homens e mulheres a partir de um modelo treinado em 16.734 imagens. A azul indica que os machos s\u00e3o mais diferentes e a vermelho que as f\u00eameas s\u00e3o mais diferentes. Fonte: Natureza<\/a> (acesso livre).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

    O Dr. Hoyal Cuthill explicou os resultados: \"As asas de p\u00e1ssaro foram descritas como uma das borboletas mais bonitas do mundo. Este estudo d\u00e1-nos novos conhecimentos sobre a evolu\u00e7\u00e3o da sua not\u00e1vel mas amea\u00e7ada diversidade\".\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    E acrescenta: \"A elevada diversidade vis\u00edvel entre as borboletas machos apoia a import\u00e2ncia real da sele\u00e7\u00e3o sexual da escolha do parceiro feminino na varia\u00e7\u00e3o dos machos, como sugerido originalmente por Darwin. Os casos em que as borboletas f\u00eameas s\u00e3o mais visivelmente diversificadas do que os machos da sua esp\u00e9cie, apoiam um papel adicional e importante da varia\u00e7\u00e3o feminina naturalmente selecionada na diversidade inter-esp\u00e9cies, como sugerido por Wallace\".<\/span><\/p>\n

    Esta n\u00e3o \u00e9 a primeira vez que a IA \u00e9 aplicada \u00e0 biologia evolutiva. H\u00e1 pouco tempo, investigadores da Universidade do Estado do Colorado desenvolveram um sistema de IA para <\/span>explorar a forma como os elefantes comunicam<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Os investigadores descobriram que os elefantes se chamam uns aos outros pelo nome, \u00e0 semelhan\u00e7a dos humanos.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Um dos pilares da teoria da evolu\u00e7\u00e3o de Darwin era o facto de os animais, tal como os seres humanos, terem desenvolvido compet\u00eancias como a linguagem para obterem benef\u00edcios semelhantes para a sua sobreviv\u00eancia.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Os autores do estudo descreveram que os elefantes provavelmente desenvolveram m\u00e9todos de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o semelhantes aos dos humanos devido \u00e0 sua necessidade de socializar e trabalhar em grupo.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Como descreveu o Dr. Hoyal Cuthill, da Escola de Ci\u00eancias da Vida: \"Este \u00e9 um momento emocionante, em que a aprendizagem autom\u00e1tica est\u00e1 a permitir novos testes em grande escala de quest\u00f5es de longa data na ci\u00eancia evolutiva\".<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    A biologia evolutiva foi definida por Charles Darwin, mas ele teve os seus cr\u00edticos, como Alfred Russel Wallace, que acrescentou a teoria da evolu\u00e7\u00e3o tal como a conhecemos atualmente. Agora, a IA contribuiu com a sua pr\u00f3pria investiga\u00e7\u00e3o para este debate, gra\u00e7as a um estudo recente da Universidade de Essex publicado na revista Communications Biology. Darwin e Wallace debateram o que est\u00e1 na origem da not\u00e1vel diversidade que observamos na natureza, em particular as diferen\u00e7as marcantes entre machos e f\u00eameas da mesma esp\u00e9cie. O forte dimorfismo sexual e o dicromatismo s\u00e3o frequentemente mais proeminentes nos insectos e nas aves. Darwin prop\u00f4s que a apar\u00eancia frequentemente extravagante dos membros masculinos<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":13222,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[88],"tags":[353,105],"class_list":["post-13217","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ethics","tag-biology","tag-machine-learning"],"yoast_head":"\nAI unravels birdwing butterfly evolution, shedding light on evolutionary debates | DailyAI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/pt\/2024\/07\/ai-unravels-birdwing-butterfly-evolution-shedding-light-on-evolutionary-debates\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"AI unravels birdwing butterfly evolution, shedding light on evolutionary debates | DailyAI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Evolutionary biology was defined by Charles Darwin, but he had his critics, such as Alfred Russel Wallace, who added the theory of evolution as we know it today.\u00a0 Now, AI has contributed its own research to this debate thanks to a recent study from the University of Essex published in Communications Biology. 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