{"id":12748,"date":"2024-06-06T09:08:17","date_gmt":"2024-06-06T09:08:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/?p=12748"},"modified":"2024-06-06T15:33:33","modified_gmt":"2024-06-06T15:33:33","slug":"harnessing-ai-for-good-opportunities-and-challenges","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/pt\/2024\/06\/harnessing-ai-for-good-opportunities-and-challenges\/","title":{"rendered":"Aproveitar a IA para o bem: oportunidades e desafios"},"content":{"rendered":"

A AI for Good Global Summit 2024 realizou-se nos dias 30 e 31 de maio em Genebra, reunindo um grupo de mais de 2500 participantes em representa\u00e7\u00e3o de cerca de 145 pa\u00edses.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

No seu discurso de abertura,<\/span> A Secret\u00e1ria-Geral Doreen Bogdan-Martin da Uni\u00e3o Internacional das Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es (UIT), que organizou o evento, deu o mote explicando a necessidade de inclus\u00e3o no desenvolvimento da IA.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Em 2024, um ter\u00e7o da humanidade continuar\u00e1 offline, exclu\u00eddo da revolu\u00e7\u00e3o da IA e sem voz. Este fosso digital e tecnol\u00f3gico j\u00e1 n\u00e3o \u00e9 aceit\u00e1vel\".\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

A cimeira apresentou exemplos de aplica\u00e7\u00f5es de IA ben\u00e9ficas que podem trazer os benef\u00edcios da tecnologia para a periferia, tais como <\/span>Bioniks<\/span><\/a>, uma iniciativa liderada pelo Paquist\u00e3o que concebe membros artificiais a pre\u00e7os acess\u00edveis, e <\/span>IA de ultrassom<\/span><\/a>, um esfor\u00e7o liderado por mulheres, com sede nos EUA, para melhorar os cuidados pr\u00e9-natais.<\/span><\/p>\n

A AI For Good tamb\u00e9m explorou a forma como a IA pode ajudar a atingir os Objectivos de Desenvolvimento Sustent\u00e1vel (ODS) da ONU, que estabelecem planos amplos e de grande alcance para crescer e modernizar as na\u00e7\u00f5es menos desenvolvidas, aliviando simultaneamente a pobreza, as altera\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas e outros problemas existenciais e a n\u00edvel macro.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Entre os muitos exemplos dados, Melike Yetken Krilla, directora das organiza\u00e7\u00f5es internacionais da Google, debateu v\u00e1rios projectos<\/a> onde os dados e a IA da Google est\u00e3o a ser utilizados para acompanhar o progresso dos ODS, mape\u00e1-lo em todo o mundo e colaborar com a Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o Meteorol\u00f3gica Mundial (OMM) para criar um centro de inunda\u00e7\u00f5es para sistemas de alerta precoce.<\/span><\/p>\n

Estes contribuem para um vasto conjunto de projectos que demonstram verdadeiramente como a IA pode <\/span>acelerar o diagn\u00f3stico de doen\u00e7as<\/span><\/a>, ajuda <\/span>desenvolver novos medicamentos<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>proporcionar mobilidade<\/span><\/a> para aqueles que a perderam devido a uma doen\u00e7a causada por ferimentos, e muito mais.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

A IA est\u00e1 tamb\u00e9m a ajudar os conservacionistas a proteger o ambiente, desde a <\/span>Amazon<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> floresta tropical<\/span><\/a> para <\/span>Puffins ao largo das costas brit\u00e2nicas<\/span><\/a> e o salm\u00e3o em <\/span>Vias naveg\u00e1veis n\u00f3rdicas<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

De acordo com o sentimento da Cimeira, o potencial da IA para o bem \u00e9, de facto, substancial. <\/span><\/p>\n

Mas, como sempre, h\u00e1 outra metade da hist\u00f3ria.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

O impulso e a atra\u00e7\u00e3o da IA<\/h2>\n

Em vez de ser um tr\u00e1fego unidirecional, a IA tem a tenta\u00e7\u00e3o de quebrar e acelerar as clivagens digitais, o que significa que os seus padr\u00f5es de benef\u00edcios e quem os recebe s\u00e3o injustos. <\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00e1 fortes ind\u00edcios de que a IA refor\u00e7a as divis\u00f5es atualmente existentes entre pa\u00edses mais e menos avan\u00e7ados tecnologicamente. <\/span>Estudos<\/span><\/a> do MIT e da Iniciativa Data Provenance, constatou que a maioria dos conjuntos de dados utilizados para treinar modelos de IA s\u00e3o fortemente centrados no Ocidente. <\/span><\/p>\n

As l\u00ednguas e culturas da \u00c1sia, \u00c1frica e Am\u00e9rica do Sul continuam a estar pouco representadas na tecnologia de IA, o que faz com que os modelos n\u00e3o reflictam ou sirvam estas regi\u00f5es com precis\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n

Al\u00e9m disso, a tecnologia de IA \u00e9 dispendiosa e dif\u00edcil de desenvolver, e um pequeno n\u00famero de empresas e institui\u00e7\u00f5es det\u00e9m, sem d\u00favida, a maior parte do controlo.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Os projectos de IA de fonte aberta constituem uma t\u00e1bua de salva\u00e7\u00e3o para as empresas a n\u00edvel mundial desenvolverem uma IA soberana e de baixo custo, mas continuam a exigir capacidade de computa\u00e7\u00e3o e talentos t\u00e9cnicos que continuam a ser muito procurados em todo o mundo.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Vi\u00e9s do modelo de IA<\/h2>\n

Outra tens\u00e3o no cabo de guerra de benef\u00edcios e inconvenientes da IA \u00e9 a parcialidade. Quando os modelos de IA s\u00e3o treinados com dados tendenciosos, adoptam e amplificam inerentemente essas tend\u00eancias.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Esta situa\u00e7\u00e3o pode ter consequ\u00eancias graves, nomeadamente nos dom\u00ednios da sa\u00fade, da educa\u00e7\u00e3o e da aplica\u00e7\u00e3o da lei.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Por exemplo, os sistemas de IA para os cuidados de sa\u00fade treinados predominantemente com dados ocidentais podem interpretar mal os sintomas ou comportamentos das popula\u00e7\u00f5es n\u00e3o ocidentais, conduzindo a diagn\u00f3sticos incorrectos e a tratamentos ineficazes.<\/span><\/p>\n

Os investigadores das principais empresas tecnol\u00f3gicas, como a Anthropic, a Google e a DeepMind, reconheceram estas limita\u00e7\u00f5es e est\u00e3o a procurar ativamente solu\u00e7\u00f5es, tais como <\/span>Anthropic<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>da \"IA Constitucional\".<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Como explicou Jack Clark, diretor de pol\u00edtica da Anthropic: \"Estamos a tentar encontrar uma forma de desenvolver uma constitui\u00e7\u00e3o que seja desenvolvida por um conjunto de terceiros, em vez de por pessoas que por acaso trabalham num laborat\u00f3rio em S\u00e3o Francisco\".\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Uma solu\u00e7\u00e3o nobre e v\u00e1lida, mas como \u00e9 que se cria uma democracia global eficaz para recolher as opini\u00f5es desses terceiros?<\/p>\n

Explora\u00e7\u00e3o do trabalho<\/h2>\n

Outro risco para aproveitar a IA para o bem s\u00e3o os casos de explora\u00e7\u00e3o laboral de rotuladores e anotadores de dados, cuja tarefa consiste em analisar milhares de dados e marcar diferentes caracter\u00edsticas para os modelos de IA aprenderem.<\/span><\/p>\n

O impacto psicol\u00f3gico sobre estes trabalhadores \u00e9 enorme, especialmente quando t\u00eam a tarefa de rotular conte\u00fados perturbadores ou expl\u00edcitos. Este \"trabalho fantasma\" \u00e9 crucial para o funcionamento dos sistemas de IA, mas \u00e9 frequentemente ignorado nos debates sobre \u00e9tica e sustentabilidade da IA.<\/span><\/p>\n

Por exemplo, antigos moderadores de conte\u00fados em Nairobi, no Qu\u00e9nia, <\/span>apresentou peti\u00e7\u00f5es contra a Sama<\/span><\/a>uma empresa norte-americana de servi\u00e7os de anota\u00e7\u00e3o de dados contratada pela OpenAI, alegando \"condi\u00e7\u00f5es de explora\u00e7\u00e3o\" e graves problemas de sa\u00fade mental resultantes do seu trabalho.<\/span><\/p>\n

Houve respostas a estes desafios, mostrando como a amea\u00e7a da IA \u00e0s popula\u00e7\u00f5es vulner\u00e1veis pode, com uma a\u00e7\u00e3o colectiva, ser eliminada.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Por exemplo, projectos como Nanjala <\/span>Projeto de Direitos Digitais em Kiswahili da Nyabola<\/span><\/a> t\u00eam como objetivo contrariar a hegemonia digital atrav\u00e9s da tradu\u00e7\u00e3o dos principais termos dos direitos digitais para Kiswahili, melhorando a compreens\u00e3o entre as comunidades que n\u00e3o falam ingl\u00eas na \u00c1frica Oriental.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Da mesma forma, <\/span>Te Hiku Media, uma organiza\u00e7\u00e3o M\u0101ori sem fins lucrativos<\/span><\/a>colaborou com investigadores para treinar um modelo de reconhecimento de voz adaptado \u00e0 l\u00edngua maori, demonstrando o potencial dos esfor\u00e7os de base para garantir que a IA beneficia todos.<\/span><\/p>\n

Projectos de base como este podem revelar-se eficazes na democratiza\u00e7\u00e3o da IA, mas trata-se de um esfor\u00e7o complexo que exigir\u00e1 tempo e investimento para ser implementado eficazmente \u00e0 escala global.<\/p>\n

Um ato de equil\u00edbrio<\/h2>\n

Nos pr\u00f3ximos anos, ser\u00e1 dif\u00edcil equilibrar as vantagens e os inconvenientes da IA.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Em vez de representar um novo paradigma de desenvolvimento internacional, o debate em torno da inclus\u00e3o da IA \u00e9 talvez melhor entendido como uma continua\u00e7\u00e3o de d\u00e9cadas de discurso que investiga os impactos da tecnologia nas sociedades globais.<\/span><\/p>\n

No entanto, de forma \u00fanica, os impactos da IA s\u00e3o simultaneamente muito universais e muito localizados.<\/p>\n

As ferramentas de IA em grande escala, como o ChatGPT, podem fornecer uma \"manta\" de conhecimentos e compet\u00eancias enciclop\u00e9dicas a que milhares de milh\u00f5es de pessoas podem aceder em todo o mundo. <\/span><\/p>\n

Entretanto, projectos de menor escala como os acima descritos mostram que, combinados com o engenho humano, podemos construir tecnologia de IA que sirva as comunidades locais.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Com o tempo, a principal esperan\u00e7a \u00e9 que a IA se torne simultaneamente mais barata e mais f\u00e1cil de aceder, dando \u00e0s comunidades a possibilidade de a utilizarem como quiserem, nos seus termos e com os seus direitos. \u00c9 claro que isso tamb\u00e9m pode incluir a rejei\u00e7\u00e3o total da IA.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

A IA - tanto os modelos generativos criados pelos gigantes da tecnologia como os modelos mais tradicionais criados por universidades e investigadores - pode certamente oferecer benef\u00edcios sociais quando bem canalizada.<\/span><\/p>\n

A cimeira AI For Good encarnou essa esperan\u00e7a e ceticismo. As partes interessadas n\u00e3o est\u00e3o cegas aos desafios, mas isso n\u00e3o significa que ainda tenham as respostas.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A AI for Good Global Summit 2024 teve lugar nos dias 30 e 31 de maio em Genebra, reunindo um grupo de mais de 2500 participantes representando cerca de 145 pa\u00edses. No seu discurso de abertura, a Secret\u00e1ria-Geral Doreen Bogdan-Martin da Uni\u00e3o Internacional das Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es (UIT), que organizou o evento, deu o mote ao explicar a necessidade de inclus\u00e3o no desenvolvimento da IA. Em 2024, um ter\u00e7o da humanidade continuar\u00e1 offline, exclu\u00eddo da revolu\u00e7\u00e3o da IA e sem voz. Este fosso digital e tecnol\u00f3gico j\u00e1 n\u00e3o \u00e9 aceit\u00e1vel\". A cimeira apresentou exemplos de aplica\u00e7\u00f5es de IA ben\u00e9ficas que podem trazer os benef\u00edcios da tecnologia para a periferia, tais como<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":12750,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[87],"tags":[163],"class_list":["post-12748","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-opinions","tag-ai-risks"],"yoast_head":"\nHarnessing AI for good: opportunities and challenges | DailyAI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/pt\/2024\/06\/harnessing-ai-for-good-opportunities-and-challenges\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Harnessing AI for good: opportunities and challenges | DailyAI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The AI for Good Global Summit 2024 took place on May 30-31 in Geneva, bringing together a group of over 2,500 participants representing some 145 countries.\u00a0 In her opening remarks, Secretary-General Doreen Bogdan-Martin from the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which organized the event, set the tone by explaining the need for inclusivity in AI development.\u00a0 She said, “In 2024, one-third of humanity remains offline, excluded from the AI revolution, and without a voice. 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