{"id":6435,"date":"2023-10-13T20:08:01","date_gmt":"2023-10-13T20:08:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/?p=6435"},"modified":"2024-03-28T00:42:02","modified_gmt":"2024-03-28T00:42:02","slug":"machine-learning-reveals-the-contents-of-ancient-scrolls-and-stone-tablets","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/nb\/2023\/10\/machine-learning-reveals-the-contents-of-ancient-scrolls-and-stone-tablets\/","title":{"rendered":"Maskinl\u00e6ring avsl\u00f8rer innholdet i gamle skriftruller og steintavler"},"content":{"rendered":"

Luke Farritor, en 21 \u00e5r gammel informatikkstudent fra University of Nebraska-Lincoln, har avsl\u00f8rt teksten i en karbonisert skriftrull fra antikkens Herculaneum.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

Denne rullen har v\u00e6rt uleselig siden vulkanutbruddet i \u00e5r 79 e.Kr. som ogs\u00e5 oppslukte Pompeii. Farritors maskinl\u00e6ringsalgoritme klarte \u00e5 finne greske bokstaver p\u00e5 den sammenrullede papyrusen, inkludert ordet \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03d5\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 (porphyras), som betyr \"purpur\".\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Teknikken hans gikk ut p\u00e5 \u00e5 identifisere sm\u00e5, nyanserte forskjeller i overflatestruktur for \u00e5 trene opp det nevrale nettverket til \u00e5 oppdage blekk, og dermed leterring.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Da jeg s\u00e5 det f\u00f8rste bildet, ble jeg sjokkert.\" <\/span>sa<\/span><\/a> Federica Nicolardi, papyrolog fra universitetet i Napoli. \"Det var en dr\u00f8m\", fortsetter hun, \"jeg kan faktisk se noe fra innsiden av en skriftrull.\"<\/span><\/p>\n

Rullene, som ble begravd av Vesuvs utbrudd i \u00e5r 79 e.Kr., har stort sett v\u00e6rt utilgjengelige p\u00e5 grunn av deres skj\u00f8re tilstand.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00e5r de forkullede rullene rulles ut manuelt, flasser de fra hverandre, og de l\u00e6rde fryktet at innholdet ville forbli et mysterium for alltid.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"AI-rull\"
En forkullet Herculaneum-rull som ikke kan rulles ut. Kilde: Natur<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Som Nicolardi forklarte: \"Dette er s\u00e5 spr\u00f8 gjenstander. De er kr\u00f8llete og knuste.\"<\/span><\/p>\n

I erkjennelsen av utfordringen med \u00e5 tyde skriftrullene, ble <\/span>Vesuvius-utfordringen<\/span><\/a> ble opprettet, med ulike priser, blant annet en hovedpremie p\u00e5 US$700 000 for \u00e5 dechiffrere flere passasjer fra en skriftrull.<\/span><\/p>\n

Den 12. oktober ble det kunngjort at Farritor hadde vunnet en premie p\u00e5 $40 000 for \u00e5 ha identifisert over 10 tegn i et lite utsnitt av papyrusen.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

En annen deltaker, Youssef Nader fra Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, mottok $10 000 for andreplassen.<\/span><\/p>\n

Historikeren Thea Sommerschield, som forsker p\u00e5 antikkens Hellas og Roma, beskriver det som \"ekstremt spennende\" \u00e5 endelig kunne skjelne bokstaver og ord inne i rullene.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Sommerschield nevnte at tolkningen av disse kan \"revolusjonere v\u00e5r kunnskap om antikkens historie og litteratur\" fra regionen.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Det er ikke f\u00f8rste gang forskere har fors\u00f8kt \u00e5 lese disse gamle karboniserte rullene. I 2019 fors\u00f8kte Brent Seales, professor i informatikk som spesialiserer seg p\u00e5 virtuell lesing og bevaring av gamle skriftruller, \u00e5 \"pakke opp\" rullene virtuelt ved hjelp av r\u00f8ntgentomografi (CT).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

I 2016 lyktes Seales med et gammelt hebraisk pergament som ble funnet i 1970 i Ein Gedi i Israel, og som avsl\u00f8rte deler av Tredje Mosebok.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Herculaneum-rullene b\u00f8d imidlertid p\u00e5 en annen utfordring: Blekket, som var laget av kull og vann, skilte seg ikke ut i skanningene.<\/span><\/p>\n

Det var her Farritor lyktes ved \u00e5 fokusere p\u00e5 en bestemt subtil tekstur, kalt \"crackle\", for spor av blekk.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Farritor sier: \"Jeg hoppet opp og ned\", etter at algoritmen hans avsl\u00f8rte fem bokstaver fra et nylig utgitt segment. \"Herregud, dette kommer faktisk til \u00e5 fungere\", inns\u00e5 han.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Kort tid etter videreutviklet han modellen sin og identifiserte de ti bokstavene som krevdes for prisen, og ordet \"purpur\" var ikke tidligere identifisert i Herculaneum-rullene.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hovedpremien i Vesuvius Challenge er enn\u00e5 ikke offentliggjort, og fristen er satt til 31. desember.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

AI for avkoding av gamle spr\u00e5k<\/span><\/h2>\n

For seks \u00e5rtusener siden bosatte sumererne seg i Mesopotamia, landet som strekker seg over elvene Tigris og Eufrat.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Denne regionen, som dekker dagens Irak, Kuwait, Tyrkia og Syria, var vitne til utviklingen fra sm\u00e5 jordbrukssamfunn til store urbane sivilisasjoner. Byer som Uruk blomstret opp, med intrikate kanaler, vanningsanlegg og styringssentra. Det var en avgj\u00f8rende tid for menneskehetens fremgang og utvikling.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Sumererne skrev med en skrift som kalles kileskrift. Dette skriftsystemet krevde at man presset siv inn i leire, noe som genererte komplekse logo-syllabiske inskripsjoner. Kileskrift er ikke et spr\u00e5k - det er en skrift som omfatter rundt 15 spr\u00e5k gjennom tre \u00e5rtusener.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Kileskrift
Et eksempel p\u00e5 en kileskrifttavle som inneholder en tekst kalt \"Hymnen til Marduk\". Kilde: Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Kileskriften ble f\u00f8rst og fremst brukt som et administrativt verkt\u00f8y, for eksempel til \u00e5 registrere husdyr og transaksjoner, men rundt 2700 f.Kr. oppstod det en lang rekke mer filosofiske og kreative skrifter.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Et av de mest bemerkelsesverdige av disse skriftene er <\/span>Gilgamesj-eposet<\/span><\/a>som strekker seg over tolv tavler.<\/span><\/p>\n

Enrique Jim\u00e9nez fra Ludwig-Maximilians-universitetet i M\u00fcnchen sier: \"Halvparten av menneskehetens historie ligger innkapslet i disse kileskrifttavlene.\"\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Imidlertid er det bare 75 personer, i henhold til <\/span>New Scientist<\/span><\/a>kan dekode kileskrift til tross for titusenvis av uoversatte tavler verden over.<\/span><\/p>\n

Maskinl\u00e6ring hjelper n\u00e5 forskere med \u00e5 n\u00f8ste opp i historiene som er risset inn i steintavlene, og hjelper dem med \u00e5 fylle hull og ordne tekstene kronologisk for \u00e5 finne ut mer om hvordan de gamle sumererne levde.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Maskinl\u00e6ringens rolle i dekryptering av eldgammel tekst<\/span><\/h2>\n

Enrique Jim\u00e9nez og teamet hans grunnla <\/span>Elektronisk babylonsk litteratur,<\/span><\/a>\u00a0et samarbeid mellom arkeologer, dataforskere og historikere.<\/span><\/p>\n

For \u00e5 analysere kileskrifttavlene brukte teamet en maskinl\u00e6ringsteknikk som opprinnelig ble utviklet for sammenligning av gensekvenser. Denne AI-en forutsier innholdet i manglende seksjoner og grensene der fragmentene stemmer overens.<\/span><\/p>\n

Denne teknikken f\u00f8rte til oppdagelser som manglende deler av Gilgamesj-eposet og en nyoppdaget mesopotamisk sjanger som beskriver pedagogiske parodier og vitser for barn.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

I 2020, en egen modell, <\/span>DeepScribe<\/span><\/a>ble trent p\u00e5 6000 annoterte bilder fra <\/span>Persepolis befestningsarkiv<\/span><\/a>, som spesifiserer omtrent 100 000 symboler fra det elamittiske spr\u00e5ket (fra dagens Iran), datert rundt 500 f.Kr.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ved hjelp av ressurser fra UChicago Research Computing Center har Krishnan og Eddie Williams trent opp en modell som er i stand til \u00e5 dekode disse tegnene med en imponerende n\u00f8yaktighet p\u00e5 80%.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Teamet har til hensikt \u00e5 utvikle DeepScribe til et allsidig dechiffreringsverkt\u00f8y som kan omskoleres til andre spr\u00e5k enn elamitt.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"DeepScribe
DeepScribe fors\u00f8ker \u00e5 lese symboler fra det eldgamle spr\u00e5ket elamitt. Kilde: DeepScribe<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

DeepMind har ogs\u00e5 unders\u00f8kt avkoding av eldgamle spr\u00e5k ved hjelp av maskinl\u00e6ring - i dette tilfellet \u00f8delagte antikke greske tavler. <\/span><\/p>\n

Navngitt <\/span>Ithaca<\/span><\/a>Denne modellen gjenopprettet tekster med 72% presisjon, anslo deres alder med tre ti\u00e5rs n\u00f8yaktighet og antydet til og med deres opprinnelse med 71% n\u00f8yaktighet.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"DeepMind
DeepMind Ithaca fyller ut hullene i fragmenterte greske tavler. Kilde: DeepMind DeepMind<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ithacas oppl\u00e6ring omfattet 60 000 tekster fra 700 f.Kr. til 500 e.Kr. som var merket med data om tid og sted i 84 antikke territorier.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u00f8tet mellom eldgamle tekster og banebrytende kunstig intelligens viser at selv \u00e5rtusengamle mysterier ikke er immune mot fremskritt innen moderne teknologi.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ved \u00e5 blande det gamle med det nye, tar forskerne b\u00e5de vare p\u00e5 historien og kartlegger tidligere ukjente <\/span>arkeologisk kunnskap.<\/p>\n

Disse gjennombruddene understreker de ubegrensede mulighetene som finnes n\u00e5r vi forener menneskelig nysgjerrighet med teknologisk dyktighet, og viser at det finnes en ny m\u00e5te \u00e5 betrakte v\u00e5r kollektive fortids underverker p\u00e5. <\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Luke Farritor, en 21 \u00e5r gammel informatikkstudent fra University of Nebraska-Lincoln, har avsl\u00f8rt teksten i en karbonisert skriftrull fra antikkens Herculaneum. Denne rullen har v\u00e6rt uleselig siden vulkanutbruddet i \u00e5r 79 e.Kr. som ogs\u00e5 oppslukte Pompeii. Farritors maskinl\u00e6ringsalgoritme klarte \u00e5 finne greske bokstaver p\u00e5 den sammenrullede papyrusen, inkludert ordet \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03d5\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 (porphyras), som betyr \"purpur\". Teknikken hans gikk ut p\u00e5 \u00e5 identifisere sm\u00e5, nyanserte forskjeller i overflatestruktur for \u00e5 trene opp det nevrale nettverket til \u00e5 oppdage blekk, og dermed leterring. \"Da jeg s\u00e5 det f\u00f8rste bildet, ble jeg sjokkert\", sier Federica Nicolardi, papyrolog fra University of<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":6442,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[88],"tags":[166,105,143],"class_list":["post-6435","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ethics","tag-computer-vision","tag-machine-learning","tag-natural-language-processing"],"yoast_head":"\nMachine learning reveals the contents of ancient scrolls and stone tablets | DailyAI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Luke Farritor, a 21-year-old computer science student from the University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln, has achieved a 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