{"id":13217,"date":"2024-07-03T16:35:04","date_gmt":"2024-07-03T16:35:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/?p=13217"},"modified":"2024-07-03T23:18:02","modified_gmt":"2024-07-03T23:18:02","slug":"ai-unravels-birdwing-butterfly-evolution-shedding-light-on-evolutionary-debates","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/it\/2024\/07\/ai-unravels-birdwing-butterfly-evolution-shedding-light-on-evolutionary-debates\/","title":{"rendered":"L'intelligenza artificiale svela l'evoluzione delle farfalle a forma di ala di uccello, facendo luce sui dibattiti evolutivi"},"content":{"rendered":"

La biologia evolutiva \u00e8 stata definita da Charles Darwin, che per\u00f2 ha avuto i suoi critici, come Alfred Russel Wallace, che ha aggiunto la teoria dell'evoluzione come la conosciamo oggi.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ora l'intelligenza artificiale ha contribuito con la propria ricerca a questo dibattito, grazie a un'iniziativa di <\/span>studio recente<\/span><\/a> dell'Universit\u00e0 di Essex, pubblicato su Communications Biology.<\/span><\/p>\n

Darwin e Wallace discutevano su cosa fosse alla base della notevole diversit\u00e0 che osserviamo in natura, in particolare sulle sorprendenti differenze tra maschi e femmine della stessa specie. <\/span><\/p>\n

Il forte dimorfismo sessuale e il dicromatismo sono spesso pi\u00f9 evidenti negli insetti e negli uccelli.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Darwin propose che l'aspetto spesso sgargiante dei maschi della stessa specie fosse il risultato della selezione sessuale, con le femmine che sceglievano i loro compagni in base alle preferenze estetiche.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Wallace, tuttavia, ha sostenuto che la selezione naturale, che agisce su entrambi i sessi, \u00e8 la forza principale che determina queste differenze.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

La dottoressa Jennifer Hoyal Cuthill dell'Universit\u00e0 dell'Essex e il suo team si sono imbarcati in una missione per svelare i segreti evolutivi delle stupefacenti farfalle del gruppo delle ali di uccello.<\/span><\/p>\n

Come il dottor Hoyal Cuthill <\/span>ha spiegato in un post sul blog<\/span><\/a>Per la prima volta, siamo in grado di misurare gli estremi visibili dell'evoluzione per verificare quanta variazione \u00e8 presente in diversi gruppi biologici e tra maschi e femmine\".<\/span><\/p>\n

\"farfalle\"
I maschi (a sinistra) sono solitamente pi\u00f9 colorati delle femmine (a destra), ma non necessariamente pi\u00f9 variegati. Fonte: Wikimedia Commons.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Come ha funzionato lo studio<\/h2>\n

I ricercatori hanno utilizzato l'intelligenza artificiale per analizzare ben 16.000 fotografie di farfalle uccello, che rappresentano 35 specie e 131 sottospecie, provenienti dal Museo di Storia Naturale di Londra.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ecco il procedimento:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Curatela e digitalizzazione<\/b>: L'ampia collezione di farfalle uccello del museo \u00e8 stata accuratamente curata e digitalizzata, fornendo fotografie di alta qualit\u00e0 di esemplari sia maschili che femminili.<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. Formazione AI<\/b>: I ricercatori hanno addestrato un algoritmo di intelligenza artificiale chiamato ButterflyNet a riconoscere e raggruppare le immagini in base alle loro somiglianze visive, consentendo all'intelligenza artificiale di identificare modelli e variazioni tra le farfalle.<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. Incorporamento e analisi<\/b>: ButterflyNet ha generato uno \"spazio delle farfalle\" multidimensionale in cui le immagini simili sono state raggruppate insieme, consentendo ai ricercatori di esaminare le relazioni evolutive e le differenze tra specie e sessi.<\/span><\/li>\n
  4. Convalida genetica<\/b>: Per confermare il significato biologico delle scoperte dell'IA, le incorporazioni apprese dalla macchina sono state confrontate con i dati genetici, assicurando l'allineamento con la storia evolutiva delle farfalle ali di uccello.<\/span><\/li>\n
  5. Quantificare la variazione sessuale<\/b>: Il team ha sviluppato una nuova misura chiamata \"differenza di disparit\u00e0 sessuale\" per quantificare l'entit\u00e0 della variazione tra maschi e femmine, fornendo indicazioni sul contributo di ciascun sesso alla diversit\u00e0 complessiva.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    I risultati dello studio sostengono sia le teorie di Darwin che quelle di Wallace. <\/span><\/p>\n

    I maschi delle farfalle uccello hanno generalmente mostrato forme e modelli pi\u00f9 distinti rispetto alle femmine, in linea con l'idea di Darwin della selezione sessuale.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Tuttavia, la ricerca ha anche rivelato una sostanziale variazione tra le femmine, in particolare nel genere Troides. <\/span><\/p>\n

    In particolare, alcune farfalle femmine hanno mostrato una maggiore diversit\u00e0 rispetto alle loro controparti maschili, sostenendo l'ipotesi di Wallace secondo cui la selezione naturale pu\u00f2 guidare la divergenza nei fenotipi femminili.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \"ML
    Mappe di calore che mostrano le differenze di disparit\u00e0 sessuale tra maschi e femmine, ottenute da un modello addestrato su 16.734 immagini. Il blu indica che i maschi sono pi\u00f9 diversi e il rosso che le femmine sono pi\u00f9 diverse. Fonte: Natura<\/a> (accesso libero).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

    Il dottor Hoyal Cuthill ha spiegato i risultati: \"Le ali di uccello sono state descritte come una delle farfalle pi\u00f9 belle del mondo. Questo studio ci d\u00e0 nuove informazioni sull'evoluzione della loro notevole ma minacciata diversit\u00e0\".\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    L'autrice aggiunge: \"L'elevata diversit\u00e0 visibile tra i maschi delle farfalle sostiene l'importanza reale della selezione sessuale della scelta dell'accoppiamento femminile sulla variazione maschile, come originariamente suggerito da Darwin. I casi in cui le farfalle femmine sono pi\u00f9 visibilmente diversificate rispetto ai maschi della loro specie, supportano un ulteriore, importante ruolo della variazione femminile selezionata naturalmente nella diversit\u00e0 interspecifica, come suggerito da Wallace\".<\/span><\/p>\n

    Non \u00e8 la prima volta che l'intelligenza artificiale viene applicata alla biologia evolutiva. Non molto tempo fa, i ricercatori della Colorado State University hanno sviluppato un sistema di intelligenza artificiale per <\/span>esplorare come comunicano gli elefanti<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    I ricercatori hanno scoperto che gli elefanti si chiamano per nome, come gli esseri umani.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Una delle pietre miliari della teoria dell'evoluzione di Darwin \u00e8 che gli animali, come gli esseri umani, hanno evoluto abilit\u00e0 come il linguaggio per vantaggi simili alla loro sopravvivenza.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Gli autori dello studio hanno descritto che gli elefanti hanno probabilmente sviluppato metodi di comunicazione simili a quelli degli esseri umani a causa della loro necessit\u00e0 di socializzare e lavorare insieme in gruppo.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Come ha descritto il dottor Hoyal Cuthill, della School of Life Sciences: \"Questo \u00e8 un momento emozionante, in cui l'apprendimento automatico consente di effettuare nuovi test su larga scala su questioni di lunga data nella scienza evolutiva\".<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    La biologia evolutiva \u00e8 stata definita da Charles Darwin, che per\u00f2 ha avuto i suoi critici, come Alfred Russel Wallace, che ha aggiunto la teoria dell'evoluzione come la conosciamo oggi. Ora l'intelligenza artificiale ha contribuito con la propria ricerca a questo dibattito, grazie a un recente studio dell'Universit\u00e0 dell'Essex pubblicato su Communications Biology. Darwin e Wallace discutevano su cosa fosse alla base della notevole diversit\u00e0 che osserviamo in natura, in particolare sulle sorprendenti differenze tra maschi e femmine della stessa specie. Il forte dimorfismo sessuale e il dicromatismo sono spesso pi\u00f9 evidenti negli insetti e negli uccelli. Darwin propose che l'aspetto spesso appariscente dei membri maschili<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":13222,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[88],"tags":[353,105],"class_list":["post-13217","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ethics","tag-biology","tag-machine-learning"],"yoast_head":"\nAI unravels birdwing butterfly evolution, shedding light on evolutionary debates | DailyAI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/it\/2024\/07\/ai-unravels-birdwing-butterfly-evolution-shedding-light-on-evolutionary-debates\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"it_IT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"AI unravels birdwing butterfly evolution, shedding light on evolutionary debates | DailyAI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Evolutionary biology was defined by Charles Darwin, but he had his critics, such as Alfred Russel Wallace, who added the theory of evolution as we know it today.\u00a0 Now, AI has contributed its own research to this debate thanks to a recent study from the University of Essex published in Communications Biology. 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