{"id":8964,"date":"2024-01-07T16:09:27","date_gmt":"2024-01-07T16:09:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/?p=8964"},"modified":"2024-01-07T18:19:46","modified_gmt":"2024-01-07T18:19:46","slug":"researchers-map-the-oceans-to-uncover-dark-vessels-and-offshore-structures","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/fr\/2024\/01\/researchers-map-the-oceans-to-uncover-dark-vessels-and-offshore-structures\/","title":{"rendered":"Des chercheurs cartographient les oc\u00e9ans pour d\u00e9couvrir les \"navires sombres\" et les structures offshore"},"content":{"rendered":"

Des chercheurs ont d\u00e9couvert des informations sur les activit\u00e9s maritimes mondiales en utilisant des r\u00e9seaux neuronaux pour analyser des images satellite et radar.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

Cette \u00e9tude, publi\u00e9e dans <\/span>Nature<\/span><\/a> et dirig\u00e9e par Fernando Paolo de <\/span>Observatoire mondial de la p\u00eache<\/span><\/a>une organisation \u00e0 but non lucratif bas\u00e9e \u00e0 Washington DC, r\u00e9v\u00e8le que les trois quarts des grands navires de p\u00eache du monde et un quart des navires de transport et d'\u00e9nergie op\u00e8rent en tant que \"navires obscurs\", c'est-\u00e0-dire qu'ils ne communiquent pas publiquement leur position.<\/span><\/p>\n

Fernando Paolo a expliqu\u00e9 : \"Historiquement, l'activit\u00e9 des navires a \u00e9t\u00e9 peu document\u00e9e, ce qui limite notre compr\u00e9hension de l'utilisation de la plus grande ressource publique au monde, l'oc\u00e9an\".<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\"Nous savions qu'une grande partie de l'activit\u00e9 oc\u00e9anique nous \u00e9chappait, mais nous ne savions pas \u00e0 quel point. Et nous avons d\u00e9couvert que c'est beaucoup plus que ce que nous avions imagin\u00e9.\"\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c0 partir de donn\u00e9es couvrant la p\u00e9riode 2017-2021, l'\u00e9quipe a analys\u00e9 des images GPS, satellite et radar provenant de zones c\u00f4ti\u00e8res o\u00f9 se concentrent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement d'importantes activit\u00e9s de p\u00eache et d'exploitation industrielle. Ils ont<\/span>\u00a0a form\u00e9 plusieurs r\u00e9seaux neuronaux pour rep\u00e9rer et classer les bateaux et les structures offshore dans ces images.<\/span><\/p>\n

L'analyse qui en a r\u00e9sult\u00e9 a montr\u00e9 que la plupart des quelque 63 000 navires suivis n'utilisaient pas syst\u00e9matiquement les syst\u00e8mes d'identification automatis\u00e9s, ce qui soul\u00e8ve des inqui\u00e9tudes quant aux activit\u00e9s ill\u00e9gales telles que la p\u00eache non r\u00e9glement\u00e9e.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"P\u00eache
Cartographie de l'empreinte des diff\u00e9rentes infrastructures offshore. Source : Nature<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Une IA a \u00e9t\u00e9 sp\u00e9cifiquement entra\u00een\u00e9e \u00e0 distinguer les navires de p\u00eache en fonction de leurs d\u00e9placements et de leurs emplacements, et a constat\u00e9 que 42 \u00e0 49% des navires \u00e9taient consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme des bateaux de p\u00eache.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jennifer Raynor, coauteur de l'\u00e9tude et professeur adjoint d'\u00e9conomie des ressources naturelles \u00e0 l'universit\u00e9 du Wisconsin-Madison, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 : \"En r\u00e9v\u00e9lant les navires sombres, nous avons dress\u00e9 le tableau public le plus complet qui soit de la p\u00eache industrielle mondiale\".\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

En outre, l'\u00e9tude a recens\u00e9 28 000 structures offshore, dont celles impliqu\u00e9es dans la production d'\u00e9nergie \u00e9olienne et de p\u00e9trole, avec une augmentation notable des turbines \u00e9oliennes offshore.<\/span><\/p>\n

Le nombre de structures p\u00e9troli\u00e8res a augment\u00e9 de 16% au cours de la p\u00e9riode \u00e9tudi\u00e9e, mais surtout, le nombre d'\u00e9oliennes a plus que doubl\u00e9, d\u00e9passant les plateformes p\u00e9troli\u00e8res d'ici 2021.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

La croissance de l'\u00e9nergie \u00e9olienne en mer a \u00e9t\u00e9 particuli\u00e8rement prononc\u00e9e en Chine, o\u00f9 elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 multipli\u00e9e par neuf entre 2017 et 2021.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"P\u00eache
Le nombre d'\u00e9oliennes a fortement augment\u00e9 au cours de la p\u00e9riode \u00e9tudi\u00e9e. Source : Nature<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

En savoir plus sur l'\u00e9tude<\/span><\/h2>\n

L'\u00e9tude men\u00e9e par Global Fishing Watch a permis de cartographier les activit\u00e9s industrielles en mer \u00e0 l'aide de r\u00e9seaux neuronaux. <\/span><\/p>\n

Voici plus d'informations sur son fonctionnement :<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Collecte et int\u00e9gration des donn\u00e9es<\/b>: Entre 2017 et 2021, l'\u00e9quipe a rassembl\u00e9 une vaste quantit\u00e9 de donn\u00e9es, dont 2 p\u00e9taoctets d'images satellites, des donn\u00e9es GPS de navires et des mod\u00e8les d'apprentissage profond. Ces donn\u00e9es couvraient les eaux c\u00f4ti\u00e8res du monde, o\u00f9 se concentrent plus de 75% d'activit\u00e9 industrielle.<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. D\u00e9veloppement de mod\u00e8les d'apprentissage profond<\/b>: Ils ont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 trois r\u00e9seaux neuronaux convolutionnels profonds. Ces r\u00e9seaux ont \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7us pour des t\u00e2ches sp\u00e9cifiques : identifier des objets et estimer leur longueur avec une grande pr\u00e9cision, classer les infrastructures offshore dans des cat\u00e9gories telles que le p\u00e9trole, le vent et d'autres structures, et faire la distinction entre les navires de p\u00eache et les autres.<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. Analyse de l'imagerie satellitaire et des donn\u00e9es GPS des navires<\/b>: Les chercheurs ont analys\u00e9 l'imagerie satellitaire pour d\u00e9tecter les navires et les structures en mer, puis ont compar\u00e9 ces r\u00e9sultats avec les donn\u00e9es GPS des navires qui diffusent publiquement leur position. Ils ont ainsi constat\u00e9 qu'une grande partie des navires de p\u00eache industrielle (72 \u00e0 76%) et des autres navires (21 \u00e0 30%) n'\u00e9taient pas suivis publiquement.<\/span><\/li>\n
  4. Cartographie et activit\u00e9s<\/b>: L'\u00e9quipe a cartographi\u00e9 les activit\u00e9s des navires et les infrastructures \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques offshore, en mettant en \u00e9vidence la r\u00e9partition et la concentration de ces activit\u00e9s dans les eaux c\u00f4ti\u00e8res. Ils ont d\u00e9couvert que l'activit\u00e9 de p\u00eache avait consid\u00e9rablement diminu\u00e9 pendant la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19, tandis que les activit\u00e9s des navires de transport et d'\u00e9nergie \u00e9taient rest\u00e9es relativement stables.<\/span><\/li>\n
  5. \u00c9valuation de l'impact sur l'environnement<\/b>: Enfin, les chercheurs ont identifi\u00e9 des points chauds potentiels pour la p\u00eache ill\u00e9gale et quantifi\u00e9 l'ampleur des activit\u00e9s des navires, y compris la croissance rapide de l'infrastructure \u00e9olienne en mer, qui d\u00e9passera le nombre de structures p\u00e9troli\u00e8res d'ici 2021.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Les chercheurs esp\u00e8rent que cette carte pourra d\u00e9sormais aider \u00e0 g\u00e9rer et \u00e0 comprendre les futures activit\u00e9s humaines dans l'oc\u00e9an.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Comme l'indique le coauteur Patrick Halpin, professeur d'\u00e9cologie g\u00e9ospatiale marine \u00e0 l'universit\u00e9 Duke, \"l'empreinte de l'Anthropoc\u00e8ne ne se limite plus \u00e0 la terre ferme\", ce qui signifie que l'activit\u00e9 humaine de l'\u00e9poque actuelle a p\u00e9n\u00e9tr\u00e9 tous les recoins de la plan\u00e8te. <\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Des chercheurs ont d\u00e9couvert des informations sur les activit\u00e9s maritimes mondiales en utilisant des r\u00e9seaux neuronaux pour analyser des images satellite et radar. Cette \u00e9tude, publi\u00e9e dans Nature et dirig\u00e9e par Fernando Paolo de Global Fishing Watch, une organisation \u00e0 but non lucratif bas\u00e9e \u00e0 Washington DC, r\u00e9v\u00e8le que les trois quarts des grands navires de p\u00eache du monde et un quart des navires de transport et d'\u00e9nergie op\u00e8rent en tant que \"navires obscurs\", ne communiquant pas publiquement leur position. Fernando Paolo explique : \"Historiquement, l'activit\u00e9 des navires a \u00e9t\u00e9 mal document\u00e9e, ce qui limite notre compr\u00e9hension de l'utilisation de la plus grande ressource publique au monde, l'oc\u00e9an\". \"Nous avons eu l'id\u00e9e que nous passions \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 d'une grande partie de l'activit\u00e9 qui se d\u00e9roule dans les oc\u00e9ans.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":8966,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[88],"tags":[105],"class_list":["post-8964","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ethics","tag-machine-learning"],"yoast_head":"\nResearchers map the oceans to uncover 'dark vessels' and offshore structures | DailyAI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Researchers have uncovered insights into global maritime activities by using neural networks to analyze 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