{"id":8193,"date":"2023-12-11T20:18:10","date_gmt":"2023-12-11T20:18:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/?p=8193"},"modified":"2023-12-19T12:48:50","modified_gmt":"2023-12-19T12:48:50","slug":"researchers-perform-ai-speech-recognition-with-human-brain-cells","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/fr\/2023\/12\/researchers-perform-ai-speech-recognition-with-human-brain-cells\/","title":{"rendered":"Des chercheurs utilisent des cellules c\u00e9r\u00e9brales humaines pour la reconnaissance vocale de l'IA"},"content":{"rendered":"

Des groupes de cellules c\u00e9r\u00e9brales humaines cultiv\u00e9es dans des bo\u00eetes de Petri ont \u00e9t\u00e9 int\u00e9gr\u00e9s \u00e0 des ordinateurs pour atteindre un niveau fondamental de reconnaissance vocale.<\/b><\/p>\n

Feng Guo, de l'universit\u00e9 de l'Indiana \u00e0 Bloomington, explique l'\u00e9tude, publi\u00e9e dans la revue <\/span>Nature Electronics<\/span><\/a>Il s'agit d'une d\u00e9monstration pr\u00e9liminaire visant \u00e0 d\u00e9montrer la faisabilit\u00e9 du concept. <\/span>Le chemin \u00e0 parcourir est encore long\". <\/span><\/p>\n

M. Guo souligne deux d\u00e9fis majeurs de l'IA conventionnelle que cette forme d'IA biologique cherche \u00e0 r\u00e9soudre : la forte consommation d'\u00e9nergie et les limites inh\u00e9rentes aux puces de silicium, comme leurs fonctions distinctes de traitement et de stockage de l'information.<\/span><\/p>\n

L'\u00e9quipe de Guo, ainsi que d'autres, comme l'entreprise australienne Cortical Labs qui des cellules c\u00e9r\u00e9brales entra\u00een\u00e9es pour jouer \u00e0 Pong en 2022<\/a>Les chercheurs de l'Institut de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses (IRM), de l'Institut de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses (IRM) et de l'Institut de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses (IRM) explorent la bio-informatique avec des cellules nerveuses vivantes comme solution potentielle \u00e0 ces d\u00e9fis.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ces organo\u00efdes c\u00e9r\u00e9braux - cultures tissulaires tridimensionnelles auto-organis\u00e9es ressemblant \u00e0 des mini-cerveaux - \u00e9mergent de cellules souches dans des conditions de croissance sp\u00e9cifiques.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ils peuvent atteindre quelques millim\u00e8tres de diam\u00e8tre et contenir jusqu'\u00e0 100 millions de cellules nerveuses. \u00c0 titre de comparaison, un cerveau humain compte environ 100 milliards de cellules nerveuses. Les organo\u00efdes sont plac\u00e9s sur un r\u00e9seau de micro\u00e9lectrodes qui stimule l'organo\u00efde et enregistre l'activit\u00e9 neuronale. L'\u00e9quipe de Guo appelle ce dispositif \"Brainoware\".<\/span><\/p>\n

Brainoware est essentiellement une nouvelle forme d'IA tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rente de celle que l'on trouve habituellement dans les ordinateurs et les smartphones. <\/span><\/p>\n

Au lieu d'utiliser des puces ordinaires, les chercheurs ont cr\u00e9\u00e9 une petite grappe de puces. cellules du cerveau humain<\/a> - l'organo\u00efde c\u00e9r\u00e9bral. Ce minuscule \"mini-cerveau\" est cultiv\u00e9 en laboratoire \u00e0 partir de cellules souches et peut effectuer certaines t\u00e2ches de base que l'on associe g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement \u00e0 l'IA, comme reconna\u00eetre des mod\u00e8les de discours.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
A) Sch\u00e9ma du syst\u00e8me \"Brainoware\", qui montre un organo\u00efde c\u00e9r\u00e9bral (un mini-cerveau cultiv\u00e9 en laboratoire) connect\u00e9 \u00e0 un dispositif qui enregistre et stimule son activit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique. B) Image microscopique de l'organo\u00efde c\u00e9r\u00e9bral, color\u00e9e pour mettre en \u00e9vidence ses diff\u00e9rents types de cellules, telles que les neurones matures, les astrocytes, les neurones \u00e0 un stade pr\u00e9coce et les cellules prog\u00e9nitrices, montrant sa structure complexe en 3D. Source : Nature Electronics<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Comment cela fonctionne-t-il ?<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u00a0L'organo\u00efde c\u00e9r\u00e9bral est plac\u00e9 sur un appareil sp\u00e9cial qui peut envoyer et lire des signaux \u00e9lectriques. <\/span><\/p>\n

Les chercheurs peuvent ainsi communiquer avec l'organo\u00efde, comme s'ils lui apprenaient \u00e0 r\u00e9agir \u00e0 certains mod\u00e8les ou \u00e0 certaines donn\u00e9es. Dans l'\u00e9tude, ils l'ont entra\u00een\u00e9 \u00e0 reconna\u00eetre diff\u00e9rentes voix \u00e0 partir de clips audio.<\/span><\/p>\n

L'un des aspects les plus remarquables du Brainware est qu'il apprend et s'adapte. Tout comme le cerveau humain s'am\u00e9liore avec la pratique, l'organo\u00efde am\u00e9liore sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 reconna\u00eetre les voix au fur et \u00e0 mesure qu'il y est expos\u00e9.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Cela nous rapproche de la cr\u00e9ation d'une IA fonctionnant davantage comme le cerveau humain, qui est exceptionnellement efficace et n'a pas besoin de beaucoup d'\u00e9nergie pour fonctionner (\u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s celle d'une petite ampoule \u00e9lectrique).<\/span><\/p>\n

Cependant, il y a des d\u00e9fis \u00e0 relever. La culture de ces organo\u00efdes c\u00e9r\u00e9braux est d\u00e9licate - ils sont difficiles \u00e0 cr\u00e9er, \u00e0 reproduire de mani\u00e8re coh\u00e9rente et ne durent pas longtemps, mais l'\u00e9quipe travaille sur des solutions.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Performance de Brainoware<\/span><\/h2>\n

Dans le cadre d'une exp\u00e9rience de reconnaissance vocale non supervis\u00e9e, les organo\u00efdes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 entra\u00een\u00e9s \u00e0 distinguer une voix unique parmi 240 enregistrements audio de huit personnes pronon\u00e7ant des voyelles japonaises. Ces sons ont \u00e9t\u00e9 convertis en s\u00e9quences de signaux et en mod\u00e8les spatiaux pour les organo\u00efdes.<\/span><\/p>\n

Au d\u00e9part, les organo\u00efdes pr\u00e9sentaient un taux de pr\u00e9cision d'environ 30 \u00e0 40%, qui s'est am\u00e9lior\u00e9 pour atteindre 70 \u00e0 80% apr\u00e8s deux jours d'entra\u00eenement.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

En savoir plus sur l'\u00e9tude<\/span><\/h2>\n

IA bio-inspir\u00e9e<\/span><\/a> Elle peut prendre diff\u00e9rentes formes, telles que <\/span>puces neuromorphiques<\/span><\/a> bas\u00e9e sur des neurones biologiques. Il va plus loin en cr\u00e9ant une architecture informatique \u00e0 partir d'organo\u00efdes biologiques.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Voici plus de d\u00e9tails sur son fonctionnement :<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Mat\u00e9riel d'IA bio-inspir\u00e9<\/b>: L'\u00e9tude, publi\u00e9e dans Nature Electronics, pr\u00e9sente Brainoware, un nouveau mat\u00e9riel d'intelligence artificielle qui utilise des r\u00e9seaux neuronaux biologiques \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur d'un organo\u00efde c\u00e9r\u00e9bral. Il s'agit d'un changement fondamental par rapport aux puces de silicium traditionnelles inspir\u00e9es du cerveau, qui offre une \u00e9mulation plus authentique de la fonction c\u00e9r\u00e9brale.<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. Structure et fonctionnalit\u00e9 de Brainoware<\/b>: Brainoware fonctionne en interfa\u00e7ant un organo\u00efde c\u00e9r\u00e9bral, cultiv\u00e9 \u00e0 partir de cellules souches pluripotentes humaines, avec un r\u00e9seau multi\u00e9lectrode \u00e0 haute densit\u00e9. Cette configuration permet \u00e0 la fois de transmettre des signaux \u00e9lectriques \u00e0 l'organo\u00efde et de d\u00e9tecter les r\u00e9ponses neuronales. L'organo\u00efde pr\u00e9sente des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s telles que la dynamique non lin\u00e9aire, la m\u00e9moire et la capacit\u00e9 de traiter des informations spatiales.<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. Applications d\u00e9montr\u00e9es dans l'\u00e9tude<\/b>: L'\u00e9quipe a appliqu\u00e9 avec succ\u00e8s Brainoware \u00e0 des sc\u00e9narios pratiques, tels que la reconnaissance vocale et la pr\u00e9diction d'\u00e9quations chaotiques non lin\u00e9aires (comme la carte de H\u00e9non). Cela montre la capacit\u00e9 de Brainoware \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer ses performances informatiques par l'entra\u00eenement, ce qui souligne son potentiel pour les t\u00e2ches n\u00e9cessitant un apprentissage adaptatif.<\/span><\/li>\n
  4. D\u00e9fis et limites<\/b>: Malgr\u00e9 son approche innovante, Brainoware est confront\u00e9 \u00e0 plusieurs d\u00e9fis techniques, notamment la g\u00e9n\u00e9ration et la maintenance d'organo\u00efdes c\u00e9r\u00e9braux. En outre, la d\u00e9pendance du mat\u00e9riel \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de l'\u00e9quipement p\u00e9riph\u00e9rique entrave son potentiel. En d'autres termes, il faut beaucoup d'\u00e9quipement de soutien pour permettre aux organes c\u00e9r\u00e9braux de fonctionner correctement.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
  5. Orientations futures et potentiel<\/b>: L'\u00e9tude sugg\u00e8re qu'avec des progr\u00e8s dans la culture d'organo\u00efdes et la r\u00e9solution des probl\u00e8mes pratiques li\u00e9s aux organo\u00efdes, Brainoware pourrait \u00e9voluer vers un syst\u00e8me plus efficace et plus sophistiqu\u00e9. Cela pourrait conduire \u00e0 un mat\u00e9riel d'IA qui imite plus fid\u00e8lement le fonctionnement du cerveau humain, ce qui pourrait r\u00e9duire la consommation d'\u00e9nergie.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u00c0 l'avenir, ces types de syst\u00e8mes de bio-informatique pourraient ex\u00e9cuter des t\u00e2ches d'intelligence artificielle de mani\u00e8re plus \u00e9conome en \u00e9nergie que les puces traditionnelles \u00e0 base de silicium.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Les progr\u00e8s r\u00e9alis\u00e9s cette ann\u00e9e dans le domaine de l'IA bio-inspir\u00e9e sont extr\u00eamement prometteurs, car ils aideront l'industrie de l'IA \u00e0 d\u00e9passer les limites du calcul par force brute et \u00e0 cr\u00e9er des technologies \u00e9co\u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques aussi \u00e9l\u00e9gantes que la nature. <\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Des groupes de cellules c\u00e9r\u00e9brales humaines cultiv\u00e9es dans des bo\u00eetes de Petri ont \u00e9t\u00e9 int\u00e9gr\u00e9s \u00e0 des ordinateurs pour atteindre un niveau fondamental de reconnaissance vocale. Feng Guo, de l'universit\u00e9 de l'Indiana \u00e0 Bloomington, explique l'\u00e9tude, publi\u00e9e dans Nature Electronics : \"Il s'agit d'une d\u00e9monstration pr\u00e9liminaire qui montre la faisabilit\u00e9 du concept. Il reste encore un long chemin \u00e0 parcourir\". Guo souligne les deux principaux d\u00e9fis de l'IA conventionnelle que cette forme d'IA biologique cherche \u00e0 r\u00e9soudre : la forte consommation d'\u00e9nergie et les limites inh\u00e9rentes aux puces de silicium, comme leurs fonctions distinctes de traitement et de stockage de l'information. L'\u00e9quipe de M. Guo, ainsi que d'autres, comme l'entreprise australienne Cortical Labs,<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":8195,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[84],"tags":[350,203,101],"class_list":["post-8193","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-industry","tag-bio-inspired-ai","tag-biotech","tag-medtech"],"yoast_head":"\nResearchers perform AI speech recognition with human brain cells | DailyAI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Clusters of human brain cells cultivated in Petri dishes have been integrated with computers to achieve a fundamental level of speech recognition.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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