{"id":3799,"date":"2023-08-04T17:59:22","date_gmt":"2023-08-04T17:59:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/?p=3799"},"modified":"2023-08-04T18:05:23","modified_gmt":"2023-08-04T18:05:23","slug":"ai-powered-blood-test-detects-cancers-in-single-dna-molecules","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/fr\/2023\/08\/ai-powered-blood-test-detects-cancers-in-single-dna-molecules\/","title":{"rendered":"Un test sanguin aliment\u00e9 par l'IA d\u00e9tecte les cancers dans de simples mol\u00e9cules d'ADN"},"content":{"rendered":"

Des chercheurs du Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center font progresser une nouvelle technologie d'analyse sanguine appel\u00e9e GEMINI (Genome-wide Mutational Incidence for Non-Invasive detection of cancer).\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

En combinant le s\u00e9quen\u00e7age \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle du g\u00e9nome des mol\u00e9cules d'ADN rejet\u00e9es par les tumeurs avec l'apprentissage automatique, le test pourrait permettre une d\u00e9tection plus pr\u00e9coce des cancers du poumon et d'autres cancers.<\/span><\/p>\n

Le test GEMINI analyse les fragments d'ADN libre de cellules (cfDNA) rejet\u00e9s par les tumeurs, en utilisant la m\u00e9thode ML pour d\u00e9tecter les diff\u00e9rences entre les fr\u00e9quences des mutations canc\u00e9reuses et non canc\u00e9reuses sur l'ensemble du g\u00e9nome. Les scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s par le mod\u00e8le sugg\u00e8rent une probabilit\u00e9 plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e de cancer.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lors de tests en laboratoire, GEMINI a \u00e9t\u00e9 appliqu\u00e9 \u00e0 des images de tomographie informatis\u00e9e et a d\u00e9tect\u00e9 plus de 90% de cancers du poumon, m\u00eame \u00e0 des stades pr\u00e9coces. Les <\/span>\u00e9tude<\/span><\/a> ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s dans Nature Genetics.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Les chercheurs se sont principalement concentr\u00e9s sur la d\u00e9tection du cancer du poumon dans les populations \u00e0 haut risque. <\/span><\/p>\n

Cependant, des profils mutationnels alt\u00e9r\u00e9s ont \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9s dans l'ADNcf provenant de patients atteints de cancer du foie, de m\u00e9lanome et de lymphome, de sorte que cette approche pourrait \u00eatre utilis\u00e9e pour diff\u00e9rents types de cancers.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Comment les chercheurs ont cr\u00e9\u00e9 GEMINI<\/span><\/h2>\n

Pour mettre au point GEMINI, l'\u00e9quipe a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 les s\u00e9quences g\u00e9nomiques de 2 511 personnes atteintes de 25 cancers diff\u00e9rents.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Les diff\u00e9rents types de tumeurs pr\u00e9sentaient des profils de mutation diff\u00e9rents. Les chercheurs ont constat\u00e9 que les r\u00e9gions g\u00e9nomiques pr\u00e9sentant une fr\u00e9quence de mutation \u00e9lev\u00e9e \u00e9taient similaires entre le tissu tumoral et l'ADNcf d\u00e9riv\u00e9 du sang chez les patients atteints d'un cancer du poumon, d'un m\u00e9lanome ou d'un lymphome non hodgkinien \u00e0 cellules B.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Le test GEMINI a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 appliqu\u00e9 \u00e0 l'ADNcf de 365 personnes pr\u00e9sentant un risque \u00e9lev\u00e9 de cancer du poumon, et a donn\u00e9 des r\u00e9sultats plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s chez les personnes atteintes d'un cancer que chez les autres.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Les chercheurs ont \u00e9galement examin\u00e9 l'int\u00e9gration de GEMINI avec un test ant\u00e9rieur connu sous le nom de DELFI (DNA evaluation of fragments for early interception),<\/span><\/p>\n

Au total, GEMINI et DELFI ont correctement identifi\u00e9 les cancers dans 91% des 89 \u00e9chantillons.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Cancer
L'apprentissage automatique a aid\u00e9 les chercheurs \u00e0 analyser les marqueurs du cancer dans les cellules. Source : Nature<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Fait remarquable, le test GEMINI a d\u00e9tect\u00e9 des anomalies dans les profils de mutation de l'ADNcf des ann\u00e9es avant les diagnostics standard chez sept patients dont les tumeurs n'\u00e9taient pas d\u00e9tectables au moment de la prise de sang.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Six d'entre eux ont \u00e9t\u00e9 test\u00e9s positifs \u00e0 l'aide de GEMINI et ont ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 diagnostiqu\u00e9s avec un cancer du poumon entre 231 et 1 868 jours apr\u00e8s le pr\u00e9l\u00e8vement des \u00e9chantillons.<\/span><\/p>\n

R\u00e9partition de l'\u00e9tude<\/span><\/h2>\n
    \n
  1. Pr\u00e9l\u00e8vement de sang<\/b>: Un \u00e9chantillon de sang est pr\u00e9lev\u00e9 sur une personne susceptible de d\u00e9velopper un cancer. Cet \u00e9chantillon contient de l'ADNcf, c'est-\u00e0-dire de minuscules fragments d'ADN rejet\u00e9s par les cellules de l'organisme, y compris les cellules tumorales potentielles.<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. Extraction et s\u00e9quen\u00e7age de l'ADN<\/b>: L'ADNcf est extrait de l'\u00e9chantillon de sang et s\u00e9quenc\u00e9. Cela signifie que les scientifiques \u00e9tablissent une carte de l'ordre des \"\u00e9l\u00e9ments constitutifs\" de l'ADN. Cela les aide \u00e0 identifier toute modification ou mutation de l'ADN.<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. Analyse des alt\u00e9rations de l'ADN<\/b>: Chaque mol\u00e9cule d'ADN est analys\u00e9e pour d\u00e9tecter d'\u00e9ventuelles alt\u00e9rations de la s\u00e9quence, ce qui permet aux chercheurs d'\u00e9tablir des profils de mutation sur l'ensemble du g\u00e9nome. En fait, ils recherchent dans les mutations des sch\u00e9mas qui pourraient sugg\u00e9rer la pr\u00e9sence d'un cancer.<\/span><\/li>\n
  4. Apprentissage automatique<\/b>: Un mod\u00e8le d'apprentissage automatique, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 entra\u00een\u00e9 \u00e0 reconna\u00eetre la diff\u00e9rence entre les fr\u00e9quences de mutation canc\u00e9reuses et non canc\u00e9reuses dans diff\u00e9rentes zones du g\u00e9nome, est ensuite utilis\u00e9 pour analyser les profils de mutation. Le mod\u00e8le d'apprentissage automatique donne ensuite un score allant de 0 \u00e0 1, o\u00f9 un score plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 indique une plus grande probabilit\u00e9 de cancer.<\/span><\/li>\n
  5. Validation et essais suppl\u00e9mentaires<\/b>: Si le score GEMINI est \u00e9lev\u00e9, sugg\u00e9rant la pr\u00e9sence d'un cancer, des tests suppl\u00e9mentaires tels que l'imagerie par tomographie informatis\u00e9e et le test DELFI (qui d\u00e9tecte les changements dans la taille et la distribution des fragments d'ADNcf \u00e0 travers le g\u00e9nome) sont utilis\u00e9s pour confirmer le diagnostic et d\u00e9tecter le stade du cancer. Cette combinaison de tests s'est av\u00e9r\u00e9e tr\u00e8s efficace, puisqu'elle a permis de d\u00e9tecter plus de 90% des cancers du poumon dans l'\u00e9tude.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Il s'agit d'une autre \u00e9tude intrigante qui r\u00e9v\u00e8le une nouvelle application de l'apprentissage automatique aux diagnostics m\u00e9dicaux, cette fois-ci en analysant les cancers au niveau cellulaire. <\/span><\/p>\n

    Des essais cliniques de plus grande envergure sont n\u00e9cessaires pour valider l'outil avant qu'il ne soit disponible pour une utilisation clinique.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Cette semaine, un D\u00e9pistage du cancer du sein assist\u00e9 par l'IA<\/a> Le workflow a consid\u00e9rablement am\u00e9lior\u00e9 la rapidit\u00e9 et l'efficacit\u00e9 de l'\u00e9valuation des mammographies pour le d\u00e9pistage du cancer.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Des chercheurs du Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center font progresser une nouvelle technologie d'analyse sanguine appel\u00e9e GEMINI (Genome-wide Mutational Incidence for Non-Invasive detection of cancer). En combinant le s\u00e9quen\u00e7age \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle du g\u00e9nome des mol\u00e9cules d'ADN rejet\u00e9es par les tumeurs avec l'apprentissage automatique, le test pourrait permettre une d\u00e9tection plus pr\u00e9coce du cancer du poumon et d'autres cancers. Le test GEMINI analyse les fragments d'ADN libre de cellules (cfDNA) rejet\u00e9s par les tumeurs, en utilisant l'apprentissage automatique pour d\u00e9tecter les diff\u00e9rences entre les fr\u00e9quences des mutations canc\u00e9reuses et non canc\u00e9reuses sur l'ensemble du g\u00e9nome. Les scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s par le mod\u00e8le sugg\u00e8rent une probabilit\u00e9 plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e d'\u00eatre atteint d'un cancer. Lors de tests en laboratoire, GEMINI a \u00e9t\u00e9 appliqu\u00e9 \u00e0 des images de tomographie informatis\u00e9e.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3801,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[84],"tags":[203,274,105,101],"class_list":["post-3799","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-industry","tag-biotech","tag-cancer","tag-machine-learning","tag-medtech"],"yoast_head":"\nAI-powered blood test detects cancers in single DNA molecules | DailyAI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/fr\/2023\/08\/ai-powered-blood-test-detects-cancers-in-single-dna-molecules\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"AI-powered blood test detects cancers in single DNA molecules | DailyAI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Researchers at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center are advancing a novel blood testing technology known as GEMINI (Genome-wide Mutational Incidence for Non-Invasive detection of cancer).\u00a0 By merging genome-wide sequencing of single DNA molecules discarded by tumors with machine learning (ML), the test may enable earlier detection of lung and other cancers. 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