{"id":1421,"date":"2023-06-06T21:26:23","date_gmt":"2023-06-06T21:26:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/?p=1421"},"modified":"2023-06-06T23:02:27","modified_gmt":"2023-06-06T23:02:27","slug":"the-ai-industry-should-learn-from-nuclear-safety-argue-researchers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/fr\/2023\/06\/the-ai-industry-should-learn-from-nuclear-safety-argue-researchers\/","title":{"rendered":"Des experts estiment que l'industrie de l'IA devrait s'inspirer de la s\u00fbret\u00e9 nucl\u00e9aire"},"content":{"rendered":"

Le d\u00e9veloppement de l'IA a \u00e9t\u00e9 rapide, ce qui signifie que la r\u00e9glementation doit rattraper son retard et que la gouvernance est en quelque sorte une r\u00e9flexion apr\u00e8s coup. <\/b><\/p>\n

Il existe peu de processus formels pour garantir la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de l'IA, et les chercheurs affirment qu'il incombe \u00e0 l'industrie de changer cela.<\/p>\n

De nombreux leaders de l'IA et personnalit\u00e9s du secteur ont compar\u00e9 l'IA \u00e0 l'\u00e9nergie nucl\u00e9aire. Les similitudes sont nombreuses - <\/span>L'IA se d\u00e9veloppe rapidement, elle pose un risque potentiellement existentiel et elle est compliqu\u00e9e par les affaires \u00e9trang\u00e8res, cette fois entre les superpuissances \u00e9mergentes de l'IA que sont les \u00c9tats-Unis et la Chine.<\/p>\n

Il a fallu des d\u00e9cennies avant que les ing\u00e9nieurs nucl\u00e9aires ne convainquent la communaut\u00e9 scientifique de la s\u00fbret\u00e9 des r\u00e9acteurs nucl\u00e9aires. Les premiers r\u00e9acteurs ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 40 et au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 50, et il a fallu attendre la loi am\u00e9ricaine sur l'\u00e9nergie atomique de 1954 pour qu'un certain niveau de r\u00e9glementation fasse surface.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Le gouvernement am\u00e9ricain \u00e9tait conscient des risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 l'\u00e9nergie nucl\u00e9aire, mais l'URSS a mis en service son premier r\u00e9acteur civil \u00e0 la mi-1954, et les \u00c9tats-Unis n'ont donc pas tard\u00e9 \u00e0 construire le leur. En 1955, le commissaire Willard F. Libby a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 : \"Notre grand risque est que ce grand bienfait pour l'humanit\u00e9 soit tu\u00e9 dans l'\u0153uf par une r\u00e9glementation inutile.\"<\/span><\/p>\n

Est-ce que quelque chose vous semble familier ? Ce n'est que le mois dernier que le PDG d'OpenAI, Sam Altman a pr\u00e9conis\u00e9 la cr\u00e9ation d'un organisme international<\/a> pour la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de l'IA comme l'Agence internationale de l'\u00e9nergie atomique (AIEA), fond\u00e9e en 1957. \u00c0 l'instar de l'\u00e9nergie nucl\u00e9aire, l'IA<\/span>es gouvernements du monde entier s'efforcent de pr\u00e9server les avantages de l'IA tout en en r\u00e9glementant les risques.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

L'AIEA \u00e9tait une composante autonome des Nations unies et compte aujourd'hui 174 \u00c9tats membres. Apr\u00e8s 1957, il y a eu relativement peu de catastrophes nucl\u00e9aires jusqu'\u00e0 Tchernobyl.<\/span><\/p>\n

L'IA doit s'inspirer de l'histoire de la s\u00fbret\u00e9 nucl\u00e9aire<\/span><\/h2>\n

Heidy Khlaaf, directeur de l'ing\u00e9nierie au sein de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de conseil en cybers\u00e9curit\u00e9 Piste de bits<\/a>Le syst\u00e8me de contr\u00f4le de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des centrales nucl\u00e9aires, utilis\u00e9 pour \u00e9valuer et v\u00e9rifier la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des centrales nucl\u00e9aires. <\/span>Elle a r\u00e9cemment d\u00e9clar\u00e9 au MIT<\/span><\/a> que les centrales nucl\u00e9aires requi\u00e8rent des milliers de documents certifiant leur s\u00e9curit\u00e9, en s'attardant sur les moindres nuances de chaque composant.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Apr\u00e8s Tchernobyl, la r\u00e9glementation nucl\u00e9aire est devenue extr\u00eamement stricte. La planification, l'autorisation et la construction d'un r\u00e9acteur nucl\u00e9aire peuvent prendre dix ans ou plus, en partie parce que le processus est rigoureusement contr\u00f4l\u00e9 \u00e0 chaque \u00e9tape. Khlaaf note que cela n'a rien \u00e0 voir avec les profits - la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 nucl\u00e9aire est n\u00e9e d'un v\u00e9ritable risque existentiel.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

En revanche, les entreprises sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es dans l'IA pr\u00e9sentent leurs mod\u00e8les \u00e0 l'aide de simples \"cartes\" qui \u00e9num\u00e8rent essentiellement des fonctions.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

En outre, le fonctionnement interne du mod\u00e8le est souvent une \"bo\u00eete noire\", ce qui signifie que les processus de prise de d\u00e9cision sont largement ferm\u00e9s aux observateurs externes.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u00eame ChatGPT, contrairement \u00e0 l'homonyme d'OpenAI, est une bo\u00eete noire, et les entreprises d'IA ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 acquis la r\u00e9putation d'\u00eatre des \"bo\u00eetes noires\". <\/span>Les entreprises sont tr\u00e8s prudentes en ce qui concerne leurs mod\u00e8les et leurs donn\u00e9es d'entra\u00eenement.<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Imaginez que les r\u00e9acteurs nucl\u00e9aires soient une \"bo\u00eete noire\" et que leurs concepteurs ne disent pas au public comment ils fonctionnent ?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

L'analyse des risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 l'IA doit \u00eatre syst\u00e9matique\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n

Pour att\u00e9nuer les risques que les leaders de l'IA, comme M. Altman, admettent volontiers, les entreprises doivent aller plus loin dans leurs strat\u00e9gies de tra\u00e7abilit\u00e9. Cela implique un suivi rigoureux d\u00e8s le d\u00e9but du processus de d\u00e9veloppement de l'IA.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Selon M. Khlaaf, \"il faut avoir une m\u00e9thode syst\u00e9matique pour \u00e9valuer les risques. Il ne s'agit pas d'un sc\u00e9nario o\u00f9 l'on se dit : 'Oh, cela pourrait arriver. Je vais l'\u00e9crire\".\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Actuellement, il n'existe pas de processus \u00e9tabli pour l'\u00e9valuation des risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 l'IA, mais des tentatives ont \u00e9t\u00e9 faites pour en cr\u00e9er un.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Par exemple, <\/span>DeepMind a r\u00e9cemment publi\u00e9 un blog technique<\/span><\/a> en collaboration avec plusieurs universit\u00e9s, sp\u00e9cifiant que les mod\u00e8les devraient \u00eatre \u00e9valu\u00e9s pour les \"risques extr\u00eames\" avant la formation. Le document propose deux strat\u00e9gies :<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u00c9valuer l'\u00e9tendue des \"capacit\u00e9s dangereuses\" d'un mod\u00e8le qui pourraient \u00eatre utilis\u00e9es pour menacer la s\u00e9curit\u00e9, exercer une influence ou \u00e9chapper \u00e0 la surveillance humaine.<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. \u00c9valuer la probabilit\u00e9 qu'un mod\u00e8le cause des dommages, c'est-\u00e0-dire s'il risque de ne pas se comporter comme pr\u00e9vu.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Toby Shevlane, l'un des chercheurs du projet, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 : \"Les grandes entreprises d'IA qui repoussent les fronti\u00e8res ont la responsabilit\u00e9 d'\u00eatre attentives aux probl\u00e8mes \u00e9mergents et de les rep\u00e9rer rapidement afin de pouvoir y rem\u00e9dier le plus t\u00f4t possible.\"<\/span><\/p>\n

    Si l'IA doit tirer des enseignements de la s\u00fbret\u00e9 nucl\u00e9aire, une r\u00e9glementation pr\u00e9coce est essentielle, mais la complaisance \u00e0 long terme est mortelle. Personne ne sait \u00e0 quoi ressemblerait une version IA de Tchernobyl ou de Fukushima, et personne ne veut le d\u00e9couvrir. <\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Le d\u00e9veloppement de l'IA a \u00e9t\u00e9 rapide, ce qui signifie que la r\u00e9glementation doit rattraper son retard et que la gouvernance est quelque peu n\u00e9glig\u00e9e. Il existe peu de processus formels pour garantir la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de l'IA, et les chercheurs affirment qu'il incombe \u00e0 l'industrie de changer cela. De nombreux leaders de l'IA et personnalit\u00e9s du secteur ont compar\u00e9 l'IA \u00e0 l'\u00e9nergie nucl\u00e9aire. Les similitudes sont nombreuses : l'IA se d\u00e9veloppe rapidement, elle pose un risque potentiellement existentiel et elle est compliqu\u00e9e par les affaires \u00e9trang\u00e8res, cette fois entre les superpuissances \u00e9mergentes de l'IA que sont les \u00c9tats-Unis et la Chine. Il a fallu des d\u00e9cennies avant que les ing\u00e9nieurs nucl\u00e9aires ne convainquent la communaut\u00e9 scientifique de la s\u00fbret\u00e9 des r\u00e9acteurs nucl\u00e9aires.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1422,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[88],"tags":[93,91,92],"class_list":["post-1421","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ethics","tag-openai","tag-policy","tag-regulation"],"yoast_head":"\nThe AI industry should learn from nuclear safety, argue experts | DailyAI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"There are many parallels between AI and nuclear technology. 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