{"id":13217,"date":"2024-07-03T16:35:04","date_gmt":"2024-07-03T16:35:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/?p=13217"},"modified":"2024-07-03T23:18:02","modified_gmt":"2024-07-03T23:18:02","slug":"ai-unravels-birdwing-butterfly-evolution-shedding-light-on-evolutionary-debates","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/fr\/2024\/07\/ai-unravels-birdwing-butterfly-evolution-shedding-light-on-evolutionary-debates\/","title":{"rendered":"L'IA d\u00e9voile l'\u00e9volution des papillons, \u00e9clairant ainsi les d\u00e9bats sur l'\u00e9volution."},"content":{"rendered":"

La biologie de l'\u00e9volution a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9finie par Charles Darwin, mais il avait ses d\u00e9tracteurs, comme Alfred Russel Wallace, qui a ajout\u00e9 la th\u00e9orie de l'\u00e9volution telle que nous la connaissons aujourd'hui.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Aujourd'hui, l'IA a apport\u00e9 sa contribution \u00e0 ce d\u00e9bat gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un projet de recherche sur l'intelligence artificielle. <\/span>\u00e9tude r\u00e9cente<\/span><\/a> de l'universit\u00e9 d'Essex, publi\u00e9e dans Communications Biology.<\/span><\/p>\n

Darwin et Wallace ont d\u00e9battu des causes de la remarquable diversit\u00e9 que nous observons dans la nature, en particulier des diff\u00e9rences frappantes entre les m\u00e2les et les femelles d'une m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce. <\/span><\/p>\n

Le fort dimorphisme sexuel et le dichromatisme sont souvent plus marqu\u00e9s chez les insectes et les oiseaux.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Darwin a propos\u00e9 que l'apparence souvent flamboyante des m\u00e2les d'une m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce r\u00e9sulte de la s\u00e9lection sexuelle, les femelles choisissant leurs partenaires en fonction de leurs pr\u00e9f\u00e9rences esth\u00e9tiques.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Wallace, quant \u00e0 lui, a r\u00e9pondu que la s\u00e9lection naturelle, agissant sur les deux sexes, \u00e9tait la principale force \u00e0 l'origine de ces diff\u00e9rences.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Le Dr Jennifer Hoyal Cuthill de l'universit\u00e9 d'Essex et son \u00e9quipe se sont lanc\u00e9s dans une mission visant \u00e0 percer les secrets de l'\u00e9volution des \u00e9tonnants papillons du groupe de l'aile d'oiseau.<\/span><\/p>\n

En tant que Dr. Hoyal Cuthill <\/span>a expliqu\u00e9 dans un billet de blog<\/span><\/a>Pour la premi\u00e8re fois, nous sommes en mesure de mesurer l'\u00e9tendue visible de l'\u00e9volution afin d'\u00e9valuer l'ampleur de la variation dans diff\u00e9rents groupes biologiques et parmi les m\u00e2les et les femelles.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"papillons\"
Les m\u00e2les (\u00e0 gauche) sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement plus color\u00e9s que les femelles (\u00e0 droite), mais pas n\u00e9cessairement plus diversifi\u00e9s. Source : Wikimedia Commons : Wikimedia Commons.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Fonctionnement de l'\u00e9tude<\/h2>\n

Les chercheurs ont utilis\u00e9 l'IA pour analyser un nombre impressionnant de 16 000 photographies de papillons \u00e0 ailes d'oiseau, repr\u00e9sentant 35 esp\u00e8ces et 131 sous-esp\u00e8ces, provenant du Mus\u00e9e d'histoire naturelle de Londres.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Voici comment proc\u00e9der :<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Conservation et num\u00e9risation<\/b>: La vaste collection de papillons du mus\u00e9e a \u00e9t\u00e9 soigneusement conserv\u00e9e et num\u00e9ris\u00e9e, ce qui a permis d'obtenir des photographies de haute qualit\u00e9 des sp\u00e9cimens m\u00e2les et femelles.<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. Formation \u00e0 l'IA<\/b>: Les chercheurs ont entra\u00een\u00e9 un algorithme d'IA appel\u00e9 ButterflyNet \u00e0 reconna\u00eetre et \u00e0 regrouper des images sur la base de leurs similitudes visuelles, ce qui a permis \u00e0 l'IA d'identifier des mod\u00e8les et des variations parmi les papillons.<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. Int\u00e9gration et analyse<\/b>: ButterflyNet a g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un \"espace papillon\" multidimensionnel o\u00f9 les images similaires ont \u00e9t\u00e9 regroup\u00e9es, ce qui a permis aux chercheurs d'examiner les relations \u00e9volutives et les diff\u00e9rences entre les esp\u00e8ces et les sexes.<\/span><\/li>\n
  4. Validation g\u00e9n\u00e9tique<\/b>: Pour confirmer l'importance biologique des r\u00e9sultats de l'IA, les ench\u00e2ssements appris par la machine ont \u00e9t\u00e9 compar\u00e9s aux donn\u00e9es g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques, ce qui a permis de les aligner sur l'histoire de l'\u00e9volution des papillons \u00e0 ailes d'oiseau.<\/span><\/li>\n
  5. Quantifier la variation sexuelle<\/b>: L'\u00e9quipe a mis au point une nouvelle mesure appel\u00e9e \"diff\u00e9rence de disparit\u00e9 sexuelle\" pour quantifier l'ampleur de la variation entre les m\u00e2les et les femelles, ce qui permet de mieux comprendre la contribution de chaque sexe \u00e0 la diversit\u00e9 globale.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Les r\u00e9sultats de l'\u00e9tude confirment les th\u00e9ories de Darwin et de Wallace. <\/span><\/p>\n

    Les papillons m\u00e2les pr\u00e9sentaient g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des formes et des motifs plus distincts que les femelles, ce qui correspond \u00e0 l'id\u00e9e de Darwin sur la s\u00e9lection sexuelle.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Cependant, la recherche a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 des variations substantielles entre les femelles, en particulier dans le genre Troides. <\/span><\/p>\n

    En particulier, certains papillons femelles pr\u00e9sentaient une plus grande diversit\u00e9 que leurs homologues m\u00e2les, ce qui confirme l'hypoth\u00e8se de Wallace selon laquelle la s\u00e9lection naturelle peut entra\u00eener une divergence dans les ph\u00e9notypes femelles.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \"Papillons
    Cartes thermiques montrant les diff\u00e9rences de disparit\u00e9 sexuelle entre les hommes et les femmes \u00e0 partir d'un mod\u00e8le entra\u00een\u00e9 sur 16 734 images. Le bleu indique que les hommes sont plus diff\u00e9rents, et le rouge indique que les femmes sont plus diff\u00e9rentes. Source : Nature<\/a> (acc\u00e8s libre).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

    Le Dr Hoyal Cuthill a expliqu\u00e9 les r\u00e9sultats de l'\u00e9tude : \"Les ornithopt\u00e8res ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9crits comme faisant partie des plus beaux papillons du monde. Cette \u00e9tude nous donne un nouvel aper\u00e7u de l'\u00e9volution de leur diversit\u00e9 remarquable, mais menac\u00e9e\".\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Elle ajoute : \"La grande diversit\u00e9 visible chez les papillons m\u00e2les confirme l'importance r\u00e9elle de la s\u00e9lection sexuelle li\u00e9e au choix de l'accouplement des femelles sur la variation des m\u00e2les, comme l'a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 Darwin \u00e0 l'origine. Les cas o\u00f9 les papillons femelles sont plus visiblement diversifi\u00e9s que les m\u00e2les de leur esp\u00e8ce confirment que la variation femelle naturellement s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9e joue un r\u00f4le suppl\u00e9mentaire important dans la diversit\u00e9 inter-esp\u00e8ces, comme l'a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 Wallace\".<\/span><\/p>\n

    Ce n'est pas la premi\u00e8re fois que l'IA est appliqu\u00e9e \u00e0 la biologie \u00e9volutive. Il y a peu, des chercheurs de l'universit\u00e9 d'\u00c9tat du Colorado ont mis au point un syst\u00e8me d'IA pour <\/span>explorer les modes de communication des \u00e9l\u00e9phants<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Les chercheurs ont d\u00e9couvert que les \u00e9l\u00e9phants s'appellent par leur nom, comme les humains.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    L'une des pierres angulaires de la th\u00e9orie de l'\u00e9volution de Darwin est que les animaux, comme les humains, ont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 des comp\u00e9tences telles que le langage pour des raisons similaires \u00e0 leur survie.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Selon les auteurs de l'\u00e9tude, les \u00e9l\u00e9phants ont probablement d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 des m\u00e9thodes de communication similaires \u00e0 celles des humains en raison de leur besoin de socialiser et de travailler en groupe.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Comme le d\u00e9crit le Dr Hoyal Cuthill, de l'\u00c9cole des sciences de la vie : \"Nous vivons une p\u00e9riode passionnante, o\u00f9 l'apprentissage automatique permet d'effectuer de nouveaux tests \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle sur des questions de longue date dans le domaine des sciences de l'\u00e9volution.\"<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    La biologie de l'\u00e9volution a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9finie par Charles Darwin, mais il avait ses d\u00e9tracteurs, comme Alfred Russel Wallace, qui a ajout\u00e9 la th\u00e9orie de l'\u00e9volution telle que nous la connaissons aujourd'hui. Aujourd'hui, l'IA a apport\u00e9 sa contribution \u00e0 ce d\u00e9bat gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une \u00e9tude r\u00e9cente de l'universit\u00e9 d'Essex publi\u00e9e dans Communications Biology. Darwin et Wallace ont d\u00e9battu des causes de la remarquable diversit\u00e9 que nous observons dans la nature, en particulier des diff\u00e9rences frappantes entre les m\u00e2les et les femelles d'une m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce. Le fort dimorphisme sexuel et le dichromatisme sont souvent plus marqu\u00e9s chez les insectes et les oiseaux. Darwin a propos\u00e9 que l'apparence souvent flamboyante des m\u00e2les et des femelles soit \u00e0 l'origine du dimorphisme sexuel.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":13222,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[88],"tags":[353,105],"class_list":["post-13217","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ethics","tag-biology","tag-machine-learning"],"yoast_head":"\nAI unravels birdwing butterfly evolution, shedding light on evolutionary debates | DailyAI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/fr\/2024\/07\/ai-unravels-birdwing-butterfly-evolution-shedding-light-on-evolutionary-debates\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"AI unravels birdwing butterfly evolution, shedding light on evolutionary debates | DailyAI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Evolutionary biology was defined by Charles Darwin, but he had his critics, such as Alfred Russel Wallace, who added the theory of evolution as we know it today.\u00a0 Now, AI has contributed its own research to this debate thanks to a recent study from the University of Essex published in Communications Biology. Darwin and Wallace debated what drives the remarkable diversity we observe in nature, particularly the striking differences between males and females of the same species. Strong sexual dimorphism and dichromatism is often most prominent in insects and birds.\u00a0 Darwin proposed that the often flamboyant appearance of male members\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/fr\/2024\/07\/ai-unravels-birdwing-butterfly-evolution-shedding-light-on-evolutionary-debates\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"DailyAI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-07-03T16:35:04+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-07-03T23:18:02+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/DALL\u00b7E-2024-07-03-17.37.18-A-stunning-high-quality-scene-of-birdwing-butterflies-in-a-lush-tropical-forest-with-an-AI-twist.-The-butterflies-have-vibrant-red-blue-green-and.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1792\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" 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