{"id":12748,"date":"2024-06-06T09:08:17","date_gmt":"2024-06-06T09:08:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/?p=12748"},"modified":"2024-06-06T15:33:33","modified_gmt":"2024-06-06T15:33:33","slug":"harnessing-ai-for-good-opportunities-and-challenges","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/fr\/2024\/06\/harnessing-ai-for-good-opportunities-and-challenges\/","title":{"rendered":"Mettre l'IA au service du bien : opportunit\u00e9s et d\u00e9fis"},"content":{"rendered":"

Le sommet mondial AI for Good 2024 s'est d\u00e9roul\u00e9 les 30 et 31 mai \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve, r\u00e9unissant plus de 2 500 participants repr\u00e9sentant quelque 145 pays.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dans son discours d'ouverture,<\/span> La secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l'Union internationale des t\u00e9l\u00e9communications (UIT), Doreen Bogdan-Martin, qui a organis\u00e9 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement, a donn\u00e9 le ton en expliquant la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de l'inclusivit\u00e9 dans le d\u00e9veloppement de l'IA.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Elle a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 : \"En 2024, un tiers de l'humanit\u00e9 restera hors ligne, exclue de la r\u00e9volution de l'IA et sans voix. Cette fracture num\u00e9rique et technologique n'est plus acceptable.\"\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Le sommet a pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 des exemples d'applications b\u00e9n\u00e9fiques de l'IA qui peuvent apporter les avantages de la technologie \u00e0 la p\u00e9riph\u00e9rie, tels que <\/span>Bioniks<\/span><\/a>une initiative pakistanaise de conception de membres artificiels abordables, et <\/span>Ultrasons AI<\/span><\/a>un projet am\u00e9ricain men\u00e9 par des femmes pour am\u00e9liorer les soins pr\u00e9nataux.<\/span><\/p>\n

AI For Good a \u00e9galement explor\u00e9 la mani\u00e8re dont l'IA peut contribuer \u00e0 atteindre les objectifs de d\u00e9veloppement durable (ODD) des Nations unies, qui \u00e9tablissent des plans vastes et ambitieux pour d\u00e9velopper et moderniser les nations moins d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es tout en r\u00e9duisant la pauvret\u00e9, le changement climatique et d'autres probl\u00e8mes existentiels et macro\u00e9conomiques.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Parmi les nombreux exemples cit\u00e9s, Melike Yetken Krilla, responsable des organisations internationales chez Google, a discut\u00e9 de plusieurs projets<\/a> o\u00f9 les donn\u00e9es et l'intelligence artificielle de Google sont utilis\u00e9es pour suivre les progr\u00e8s accomplis dans la r\u00e9alisation des objectifs du Mill\u00e9naire pour le d\u00e9veloppement, les cartographier dans le monde entier et collaborer avec l'Organisation m\u00e9t\u00e9orologique mondiale (OMM) \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation d'un centre d'information sur les inondations pour les syst\u00e8mes d'alerte pr\u00e9coce.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ceux-ci contribuent \u00e0 un vaste ensemble de projets qui illustrent v\u00e9ritablement la mani\u00e8re dont l'IA peut <\/span>acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le diagnostic des maladies<\/span><\/a>, aide <\/span>d\u00e9velopper de nouveaux m\u00e9dicaments<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>assurer la mobilit\u00e9<\/span><\/a> \u00e0 ceux qui l'ont perdue \u00e0 la suite d'une blessure, et bien plus encore.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

L'IA aide \u00e9galement les d\u00e9fenseurs de la nature \u00e0 prot\u00e9ger l'environnement, qu'il s'agisse de l'eau, de l'air ou de l'eau potable. <\/span>Amazon<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> for\u00eat tropicale<\/span><\/a> \u00e0 <\/span>Les macareux au large des c\u00f4tes britanniques<\/span><\/a> et le saumon dans <\/span>Voies navigables nordiques<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Selon le sentiment exprim\u00e9 lors du sommet, le potentiel positif de l'IA est en effet consid\u00e9rable. <\/span><\/p>\n

Mais comme toujours, il y a une autre moiti\u00e9 de l'histoire.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

La pouss\u00e9e et la traction de l'IA<\/h2>\n

Plut\u00f4t qu'un trafic \u00e0 sens unique, l'IA est tent\u00e9e de briser et d'acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer les fractures num\u00e9riques, ce qui signifie que ses mod\u00e8les d'avantages et ceux qui en b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient sont in\u00e9quitables. <\/span><\/p>\n

Il y a de fortes raisons de penser que l'IA renforce les divisions actuelles entre les pays les plus avanc\u00e9s sur le plan technologique et ceux qui le sont moins. <\/span>\u00c9tudes<\/span><\/a> du MIT et de la Data Provenance Initiative a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que la plupart des ensembles de donn\u00e9es utilis\u00e9s pour former les mod\u00e8les d'IA sont fortement centr\u00e9s sur l'Occident. <\/span><\/p>\n

Les langues et les cultures d'Asie, d'Afrique et d'Am\u00e9rique du Sud restent principalement sous-repr\u00e9sent\u00e9es dans la technologie de l'IA, ce qui fait que les mod\u00e8les ne refl\u00e8tent pas ou ne servent pas ces r\u00e9gions avec pr\u00e9cision.<\/span><\/p>\n

En outre, la technologie de l'IA est co\u00fbteuse et difficile \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper, et un petit nombre d'entreprises et d'institutions d\u00e9tiennent sans aucun doute la majorit\u00e9 du contr\u00f4le.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Les projets d'IA en libre acc\u00e8s offrent une bou\u00e9e de sauvetage aux entreprises du monde entier pour d\u00e9velopper une IA souveraine \u00e0 moindre co\u00fbt, mais ils n\u00e9cessitent toujours une puissance de calcul et des talents techniques qui restent tr\u00e8s demand\u00e9s dans le monde entier.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Biais du mod\u00e8le d'IA<\/h2>\n

Une autre tension dans le bras de fer entre les avantages et les inconv\u00e9nients de l'IA est la partialit\u00e9. Lorsque les mod\u00e8les d'IA sont entra\u00een\u00e9s sur des donn\u00e9es biais\u00e9es, ils adoptent et amplifient intrins\u00e8quement ces biais.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Cela peut avoir de graves cons\u00e9quences, en particulier dans les domaines de la sant\u00e9, de l'\u00e9ducation et de l'application de la loi.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Par exemple, les syst\u00e8mes d'IA pour les soins de sant\u00e9 form\u00e9s principalement sur des donn\u00e9es occidentales peuvent mal interpr\u00e9ter les sympt\u00f4mes ou les comportements des populations non occidentales, ce qui entra\u00eene des diagnostics erron\u00e9s et des traitements inefficaces.<\/span><\/p>\n

Les chercheurs de grandes entreprises technologiques comme Anthropic, Google et DeepMind ont reconnu ces limites et recherchent activement des solutions, telles que <\/span>Anthropic<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>L'IA constitutionnelle\".<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Comme l'explique Jack Clark, responsable politique d'Anthropic : \"Nous essayons de trouver un moyen de d\u00e9velopper une constitution qui soit \u00e9labor\u00e9e par un grand nombre de tiers, plut\u00f4t que par des personnes qui travaillent dans un laboratoire \u00e0 San Francisco.\"\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C'est une solution noble et valable, mais comment cr\u00e9er une d\u00e9mocratie mondiale efficace pour recueillir les opinions de ces tiers ?<\/p>\n

Exploitation du travail<\/h2>\n

Un autre risque pour l'exploitation de l'IA est l'exploitation du travail des \u00e9tiqueteurs et des annotateurs de donn\u00e9es, dont la t\u00e2che est de passer au crible des milliers de donn\u00e9es et d'\u00e9tiqueter les diff\u00e9rentes caract\u00e9ristiques \u00e0 partir desquelles les mod\u00e8les d'IA peuvent \u00eatre appris.<\/span><\/p>\n

L'impact psychologique sur ces travailleurs est consid\u00e9rable, en particulier lorsqu'ils sont charg\u00e9s d'\u00e9tiqueter des contenus d\u00e9rangeants ou explicites. Ce \"travail fant\u00f4me\" est essentiel au fonctionnement des syst\u00e8mes d'IA, mais il est souvent n\u00e9glig\u00e9 dans les discussions sur l'\u00e9thique et la durabilit\u00e9 de l'IA.<\/span><\/p>\n

Par exemple, d'anciens mod\u00e9rateurs de contenu \u00e0 Nairobi, au Kenya, <\/span>a d\u00e9pos\u00e9 des p\u00e9titions contre Sama<\/span><\/a>une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 am\u00e9ricaine de services d'annotation de donn\u00e9es sous contrat avec l'OpenAI, all\u00e9guant des \"conditions d'exploitation\" et de graves probl\u00e8mes de sant\u00e9 mentale r\u00e9sultant de leur travail.<\/span><\/p>\n

Des r\u00e9ponses ont \u00e9t\u00e9 apport\u00e9es \u00e0 ces d\u00e9fis, montrant que la menace que repr\u00e9sente l'IA pour les populations vuln\u00e9rables peut, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une action collective, \u00eatre \u00e9radiqu\u00e9e.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Par exemple, des projets comme Nanjala <\/span>Projet de Nyabola sur les droits num\u00e9riques en kiswahili<\/span><\/a> visent \u00e0 contrecarrer l'h\u00e9g\u00e9monie num\u00e9rique en traduisant en kiswahili les termes cl\u00e9s relatifs aux droits num\u00e9riques, afin d'am\u00e9liorer la compr\u00e9hension des communaut\u00e9s non anglophones d'Afrique de l'Est.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

De m\u00eame, <\/span>Te Hiku Media, une organisation M\u0101ori \u00e0 but non lucratif<\/span><\/a>Le projet \"M\u0101ori\" a collabor\u00e9 avec des chercheurs pour former un mod\u00e8le de reconnaissance vocale adapt\u00e9 \u00e0 la langue M\u0101ori, d\u00e9montrant ainsi le potentiel des efforts d\u00e9ploy\u00e9s au niveau local pour faire en sorte que l'IA profite \u00e0 tout le monde.<\/span><\/p>\n

Des projets locaux comme celui-ci pourraient s'av\u00e9rer efficaces pour d\u00e9mocratiser l'IA, mais il s'agit d'une entreprise complexe qui n\u00e9cessitera du temps et des investissements pour \u00eatre d\u00e9ploy\u00e9e efficacement \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle mondiale.<\/p>\n

Un exercice d'\u00e9quilibre<\/h2>\n

Les avantages et les inconv\u00e9nients de l'IA seront difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9quilibrer dans les ann\u00e9es \u00e0 venir.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Plut\u00f4t que de repr\u00e9senter un nouveau paradigme du d\u00e9veloppement international, le d\u00e9bat sur l'inclusion de l'IA est peut-\u00eatre mieux per\u00e7u comme la continuation de d\u00e9cennies de discours sur les impacts de la technologie sur les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s mondiales.<\/span><\/p>\n

Toutefois, les effets de l'IA sont \u00e0 la fois tr\u00e8s universels et tr\u00e8s localis\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

Les outils d'IA \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle tels que ChatGPT peuvent fournir une \"couverture\" de connaissances et de comp\u00e9tences encyclop\u00e9diques auxquelles des milliards de personnes peuvent acc\u00e9der dans le monde entier. <\/span><\/p>\n

En attendant, des projets \u00e0 plus petite \u00e9chelle comme ceux d\u00e9crits ci-dessus montrent que, combin\u00e9s \u00e0 l'ing\u00e9niosit\u00e9 humaine, nous pouvons construire une technologie d'IA au service des communaut\u00e9s locales.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Au fil du temps, l'espoir principal est que l'IA devienne \u00e0 la fois moins ch\u00e8re et plus facile d'acc\u00e8s, permettant aux communaut\u00e9s de l'utiliser comme elles l'entendent, \u00e0 leurs conditions et avec leurs droits. Bien s\u00fbr, cela pourrait aussi signifier le rejet pur et simple de l'IA.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

L'IA, qu'il s'agisse des mod\u00e8les g\u00e9n\u00e9ratifs cr\u00e9\u00e9s par les g\u00e9ants de la technologie ou des mod\u00e8les plus traditionnels cr\u00e9\u00e9s par les universit\u00e9s et les chercheurs, peut certainement offrir des avantages soci\u00e9taux lorsqu'elle est bien canalis\u00e9e.<\/span><\/p>\n

Le sommet AI For Good a incarn\u00e9 cet espoir et ce scepticisme. Les parties prenantes ne sont pas aveugles aux d\u00e9fis, mais cela ne signifie pas qu'elles aient encore les r\u00e9ponses.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le sommet mondial AI for Good 2024 s'est d\u00e9roul\u00e9 les 30 et 31 mai \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve, r\u00e9unissant plus de 2 500 participants repr\u00e9sentant quelque 145 pays. Dans son discours d'ouverture, la secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l'Union internationale des t\u00e9l\u00e9communications (UIT), Doreen Bogdan-Martin, qui a organis\u00e9 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement, a donn\u00e9 le ton en expliquant la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de l'inclusivit\u00e9 dans le d\u00e9veloppement de l'IA. Elle a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 : \"En 2024, un tiers de l'humanit\u00e9 restera hors ligne, exclu de la r\u00e9volution de l'IA et sans voix. Cette fracture num\u00e9rique et technologique n'est plus acceptable\". Le sommet a pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 des exemples d'applications b\u00e9n\u00e9fiques de l'IA qui peuvent apporter les avantages de la technologie \u00e0 la p\u00e9riph\u00e9rie, tels que<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":12750,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[87],"tags":[163],"class_list":["post-12748","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-opinions","tag-ai-risks"],"yoast_head":"\nHarnessing AI for good: opportunities and challenges | DailyAI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/fr\/2024\/06\/harnessing-ai-for-good-opportunities-and-challenges\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Harnessing AI for good: opportunities and challenges | DailyAI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The AI for Good Global Summit 2024 took place on May 30-31 in Geneva, bringing together a group of over 2,500 participants representing some 145 countries.\u00a0 In her opening remarks, Secretary-General Doreen Bogdan-Martin from the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which organized the event, set the tone by explaining the need for inclusivity in AI development.\u00a0 She said, “In 2024, one-third of humanity remains offline, excluded from the AI revolution, and without a voice. This digital and technological divide is no longer acceptable.”\u00a0 The summit showcased examples of beneficial AI applications that can bring the technology’s benefits to the periphery, such\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/fr\/2024\/06\/harnessing-ai-for-good-opportunities-and-challenges\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"DailyAI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-06-06T09:08:17+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-06-06T15:33:33+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/DALL\u00b7E-2024-06-06-09.42.40-A-high-quality-landscape-image-depicting-the-concept-of-AI-for-good.-The-image-should-feature-a-combination-of-red-blue-green-and-black-colors-to-g.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1792\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" 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