{"id":13217,"date":"2024-07-03T16:35:04","date_gmt":"2024-07-03T16:35:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/?p=13217"},"modified":"2024-07-03T23:18:02","modified_gmt":"2024-07-03T23:18:02","slug":"ai-unravels-birdwing-butterfly-evolution-shedding-light-on-evolutionary-debates","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/es\/2024\/07\/ai-unravels-birdwing-butterfly-evolution-shedding-light-on-evolutionary-debates\/","title":{"rendered":"La IA desentra\u00f1a la evoluci\u00f3n de las mariposas con alas de p\u00e1jaro y arroja luz sobre los debates evolutivos"},"content":{"rendered":"

La biolog\u00eda evolutiva fue definida por Charles Darwin, pero tuvo sus cr\u00edticos, como Alfred Russel Wallace, que a\u00f1adieron la teor\u00eda de la evoluci\u00f3n tal y como la conocemos hoy.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ahora, la IA ha aportado su propia investigaci\u00f3n a este debate gracias a un <\/span>estudio reciente<\/span><\/a> de la Universidad de Essex publicado en Communications Biology.<\/span><\/p>\n

Darwin y Wallace debatieron sobre las causas de la notable diversidad que observamos en la naturaleza, en particular las sorprendentes diferencias entre machos y hembras de una misma especie. <\/span><\/p>\n

El fuerte dimorfismo sexual y el dicromatismo suelen ser m\u00e1s prominentes en insectos y aves.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Darwin propuso que el aspecto a menudo extravagante de los machos de una misma especie se deb\u00eda a la selecci\u00f3n sexual, y que las hembras eleg\u00edan a sus parejas en funci\u00f3n de sus preferencias est\u00e9ticas.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Wallace, sin embargo, rebati\u00f3 que la selecci\u00f3n natural, actuando sobre ambos sexos, era la fuerza primaria que daba forma a estas diferencias.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

La Dra. Jennifer Hoyal Cuthill, de la Universidad de Essex, y su equipo se embarcaron en una misi\u00f3n para desentra\u00f1ar los secretos evolutivos de las impresionantes mariposas del grupo birdwing<\/span><\/p>\n

Como el Dr. Hoyal Cuthill <\/span>explic\u00f3 en una entrada de blog<\/span><\/a>\"Por primera vez, somos capaces de medir los alcances visibles de la evoluci\u00f3n para comprobar cu\u00e1nta variaci\u00f3n est\u00e1 presente en diferentes grupos biol\u00f3gicos y entre machos y hembras\".<\/span><\/p>\n

\"mariposas\"
Los machos (izquierda) suelen ser m\u00e1s coloridos que las hembras (derecha), pero no necesariamente m\u00e1s diversos. Fuente: Wikimedia Commons.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

C\u00f3mo funcion\u00f3 el estudio<\/h2>\n

Los investigadores utilizaron IA para analizar la impresionante cantidad de 16.000 fotograf\u00edas de mariposas de ala de p\u00e1jaro, que representan 35 especies y 131 subespecies, procedentes del Museo de Historia Natural de Londres.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Este es el proceso:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Conservaci\u00f3n y digitalizaci\u00f3n<\/b>: La extensa colecci\u00f3n de mariposas de ala de p\u00e1jaro del museo fue cuidadosamente conservada y digitalizada, proporcionando fotograf\u00edas de alta calidad de espec\u00edmenes machos y hembras.<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. Formaci\u00f3n en IA<\/b>: Los investigadores entrenaron un algoritmo de IA llamado ButterflyNet para reconocer y agrupar im\u00e1genes bas\u00e1ndose en sus similitudes visuales, lo que permiti\u00f3 a la IA identificar patrones y variaciones entre las mariposas.<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. Incrustaci\u00f3n y an\u00e1lisis<\/b>: ButterflyNet gener\u00f3 un \"espacio de mariposas\" multidimensional en el que se agruparon im\u00e1genes similares, lo que permiti\u00f3 a los investigadores examinar las relaciones evolutivas y las diferencias entre especies y sexos.<\/span><\/li>\n
  4. Validaci\u00f3n gen\u00e9tica<\/b>: Para confirmar la importancia biol\u00f3gica de los hallazgos de la IA, se compararon las incrustaciones aprendidas por la m\u00e1quina con datos gen\u00e9ticos, lo que garantiz\u00f3 la alineaci\u00f3n con la historia evolutiva de las mariposas alas de p\u00e1jaro.<\/span><\/li>\n
  5. Cuantificaci\u00f3n de la variaci\u00f3n sexual<\/b>: El equipo desarroll\u00f3 una nueva medida denominada \"diferencia de disparidad sexual\" para cuantificar el grado de variaci\u00f3n entre machos y hembras, lo que permite conocer la contribuci\u00f3n de cada sexo a la diversidad global.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Los resultados del estudio respaldaron tanto la teor\u00eda de Darwin como la de Wallace. <\/span><\/p>\n

    Por lo general, los machos de las mariposas aladas presentaban formas y patrones m\u00e1s definidos que las hembras, lo que concuerda con la idea de Darwin de la selecci\u00f3n sexual.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Sin embargo, la investigaci\u00f3n tambi\u00e9n revel\u00f3 variaciones sustanciales entre las hembras, sobre todo en el g\u00e9nero Troides. <\/span><\/p>\n

    En particular, algunas mariposas hembras mostraron una mayor diversidad que sus hom\u00f3logas masculinas, lo que respalda la hip\u00f3tesis de Wallace de que la selecci\u00f3n natural puede impulsar la divergencia en los fenotipos femeninos.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \"Mariposas
    Mapas de calor que muestran las diferencias de disparidad sexual entre hombres y mujeres a partir de un modelo entrenado con 16.734 im\u00e1genes. El azul indica que los machos son m\u00e1s diferentes y el rojo que las hembras son m\u00e1s diferentes. Fuente: Naturaleza<\/a> (acceso abierto).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

    El Dr. Hoyal Cuthill explic\u00f3 los resultados: \"Las alas de p\u00e1jaro se cuentan entre las mariposas m\u00e1s bellas del mundo. Este estudio nos aporta nuevos conocimientos sobre la evoluci\u00f3n de su notable diversidad, aunque en peligro de extinci\u00f3n.\"\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Y a\u00f1ade: \"La alta diversidad visible entre las mariposas macho apoya la importancia en el mundo real de la selecci\u00f3n sexual a partir de la elecci\u00f3n de pareja por parte de las hembras sobre la variaci\u00f3n masculina, como sugiri\u00f3 originalmente Darwin. Los casos en los que las mariposas hembras son m\u00e1s visiblemente diversas que los machos de su especie, apoyan un papel adicional e importante de la variaci\u00f3n femenina seleccionada naturalmente en la diversidad entre especies, como sugiri\u00f3 Wallace.\"<\/span><\/p>\n

    No es la primera vez que se aplica la IA a la biolog\u00eda evolutiva. No hace mucho, investigadores de la Universidad Estatal de Colorado desarrollaron un sistema de IA para <\/span>explora c\u00f3mo se comunican los elefantes<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Los investigadores descubrieron que los elefantes se llaman unos a otros por su nombre, de forma similar a los humanos.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Una de las piedras angulares de la teor\u00eda de la evoluci\u00f3n de Darwin era que los animales, como los humanos, desarrollaron habilidades como el lenguaje por beneficios similares para su supervivencia.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Los autores del estudio describen que es probable que los elefantes hayan desarrollado m\u00e9todos de comunicaci\u00f3n similares a los humanos debido a su necesidad de socializar y trabajar en grupo.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Como describi\u00f3 el Dr. Hoyal Cuthill, de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida: \"Es un momento apasionante, en el que el aprendizaje autom\u00e1tico est\u00e1 permitiendo nuevas pruebas a gran escala de cuestiones de larga data en la ciencia evolutiva\".<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    La biolog\u00eda evolutiva fue definida por Charles Darwin, pero tuvo sus cr\u00edticos, como Alfred Russel Wallace, que a\u00f1adieron la teor\u00eda de la evoluci\u00f3n tal y como la conocemos hoy. Ahora, la IA ha aportado su propia investigaci\u00f3n a este debate gracias a un reciente estudio de la Universidad de Essex publicado en Communications Biology. Darwin y Wallace debatieron sobre las causas de la notable diversidad que observamos en la naturaleza, en particular las sorprendentes diferencias entre machos y hembras de una misma especie. El fuerte dimorfismo sexual y el dicromatismo suelen ser m\u00e1s prominentes en insectos y aves. Darwin propuso que el aspecto a menudo extravagante de los machos<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":13222,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[88],"tags":[353,105],"class_list":["post-13217","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ethics","tag-biology","tag-machine-learning"],"yoast_head":"\nAI unravels birdwing butterfly evolution, shedding light on evolutionary debates | DailyAI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/es\/2024\/07\/ai-unravels-birdwing-butterfly-evolution-shedding-light-on-evolutionary-debates\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"AI unravels birdwing butterfly evolution, shedding light on evolutionary debates | DailyAI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Evolutionary biology was defined by Charles Darwin, but he had his critics, such as Alfred Russel Wallace, who added the theory of evolution as we know it today.\u00a0 Now, AI has contributed its own research to this debate thanks to a recent study from the University of Essex published in Communications Biology. Darwin and Wallace debated what drives the remarkable diversity we observe in nature, particularly the striking differences between males and females of the same species. 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