{"id":13217,"date":"2024-07-03T16:35:04","date_gmt":"2024-07-03T16:35:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/?p=13217"},"modified":"2024-07-03T23:18:02","modified_gmt":"2024-07-03T23:18:02","slug":"ai-unravels-birdwing-butterfly-evolution-shedding-light-on-evolutionary-debates","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/de\/2024\/07\/ai-unravels-birdwing-butterfly-evolution-shedding-light-on-evolutionary-debates\/","title":{"rendered":"KI entr\u00e4tselt die Evolution des Vogelfl\u00fcglers und bringt Licht in die Evolutionsdebatte"},"content":{"rendered":"

Die Evolutionsbiologie wurde von Charles Darwin definiert, aber er hatte seine Kritiker, wie Alfred Russel Wallace, der die Evolutionstheorie, wie wir sie heute kennen, erg\u00e4nzte.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nun hat die KI dank einer Studie ihre eigene Forschung zu dieser Debatte beigetragen. <\/span>aktuelle Studie<\/span><\/a> von der Universit\u00e4t Essex, ver\u00f6ffentlicht in Communications Biology.<\/span><\/p>\n

Darwin und Wallace diskutierten dar\u00fcber, was die bemerkenswerte Vielfalt, die wir in der Natur beobachten k\u00f6nnen, ausmacht, insbesondere die auff\u00e4lligen Unterschiede zwischen M\u00e4nnchen und Weibchen derselben Art. <\/span><\/p>\n

Starker Sexualdimorphismus und Dichromatismus ist oft bei Insekten und V\u00f6geln am ausgepr\u00e4gtesten.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Darwin schlug vor, dass das oft auff\u00e4llige Aussehen der m\u00e4nnlichen Mitglieder derselben Art auf sexuelle Selektion zur\u00fcckzuf\u00fchren ist, wobei die Weibchen ihre Partner nach \u00e4sthetischen Gesichtspunkten ausw\u00e4hlen.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Wallace hielt dagegen, dass die nat\u00fcrliche Auslese, die auf beide Geschlechter einwirkt, die prim\u00e4re Kraft ist, die diese Unterschiede hervorbringt.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Dr. Jennifer Hoyal Cuthill von der University of Essex und ihr Team haben sich auf den Weg gemacht, um die evolution\u00e4ren Geheimnisse der atemberaubenden Schmetterlinge der Vogelfl\u00fcglergruppe zu entschl\u00fcsseln<\/span><\/p>\n

Als Dr. Hoyal Cuthill <\/span>in einem Blogeintrag erkl\u00e4rt<\/span><\/a>Zum ersten Mal sind wir in der Lage, das sichtbare Ausma\u00df der Evolution zu messen, um zu pr\u00fcfen, wie viel Variation in verschiedenen biologischen Gruppen und sowohl bei M\u00e4nnern als auch bei Frauen vorhanden ist.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Schmetterlinge\"
M\u00e4nnliche Vogelschwingen (links) sind in der Regel bunter als weibliche (rechts), aber nicht unbedingt vielf\u00e4ltiger. Quelle: Wikimedia Commons.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Wie die Studie funktionierte<\/h2>\n

Die Forscher setzten KI ein, um eine beeindruckende Anzahl von 16.000 Fotos von Vogelfl\u00fcglern aus dem Natural History Museum in London zu analysieren, die 35 Arten und 131 Unterarten repr\u00e4sentieren.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Der Ablauf ist folgenderma\u00dfen:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Kuratieren und Digitalisieren<\/b>: Die umfangreiche Schmetterlingssammlung des Museums wurde sorgf\u00e4ltig kuratiert und digitalisiert, so dass hochwertige Fotos von m\u00e4nnlichen und weiblichen Exemplaren zur Verf\u00fcgung stehen.<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. AI-Schulung<\/b>: Die Forscher trainierten einen KI-Algorithmus namens ButterflyNet, um Bilder auf der Grundlage ihrer visuellen \u00c4hnlichkeiten zu erkennen und zu gruppieren, so dass die KI Muster und Variationen unter den Schmetterlingen erkennen kann.<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. Einbettung und Analyse<\/b>: ButterflyNet erzeugte einen mehrdimensionalen \"Schmetterlingsraum\", in dem \u00e4hnliche Bilder zusammengefasst wurden, so dass die Forscher evolution\u00e4re Beziehungen und Unterschiede zwischen Arten und Geschlechtern untersuchen konnten.<\/span><\/li>\n
  4. Genetische Validierung<\/b>: Um die biologische Bedeutung der KI-Ergebnisse zu best\u00e4tigen, wurden die maschinell erlernten Einbettungen mit genetischen Daten verglichen, um eine \u00dcbereinstimmung mit der Evolutionsgeschichte der Vogelfl\u00fcgler zu gew\u00e4hrleisten.<\/span><\/li>\n
  5. Quantifizierung der sexuellen Variation<\/b>: Das Team entwickelte ein neues Ma\u00df, die so genannte \"sexuelle Ungleichheit\", um das Ausma\u00df der Unterschiede zwischen M\u00e4nnern und Frauen zu quantifizieren und einen Einblick in die Beitr\u00e4ge der einzelnen Geschlechter zur Gesamtvielfalt zu erhalten.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Die Ergebnisse der Studie unterst\u00fctzen sowohl Darwins als auch Wallaces Theorien. <\/span><\/p>\n

    M\u00e4nnliche Vogelfl\u00fcgler weisen im Allgemeinen ausgepr\u00e4gtere Formen und Muster auf als weibliche, was mit Darwins Idee der sexuellen Selektion \u00fcbereinstimmt.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Die Untersuchungen ergaben jedoch auch erhebliche Unterschiede zwischen den Weibchen, insbesondere bei der Gattung Troides. <\/span><\/p>\n

    Vor allem einige weibliche Schmetterlinge wiesen eine gr\u00f6\u00dfere Vielfalt auf als ihre m\u00e4nnlichen Gegenst\u00fccke, was Wallace' Hypothese st\u00fctzt, dass die nat\u00fcrliche Auslese die Divergenz der weiblichen Ph\u00e4notypen f\u00f6rdern kann.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \"ML
    Heatmaps, die die Unterschiede in der sexuellen Disparit\u00e4t zwischen M\u00e4nnern und Frauen anhand eines Modells zeigen, das auf 16.734 Bildern trainiert wurde. Blau zeigt an, dass die Unterschiede zwischen M\u00e4nnern gr\u00f6\u00dfer sind, und rot, dass die Unterschiede zwischen Frauen gr\u00f6\u00dfer sind. Quelle: Natur<\/a> (offener Zugang).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

    Dr. Hoyal Cuthill erl\u00e4uterte die Ergebnisse: \"Vogelschw\u00e4rmer werden als die sch\u00f6nsten Schmetterlinge der Welt bezeichnet. Diese Studie gibt uns neue Einblicke in die Entwicklung ihrer bemerkenswerten, aber gef\u00e4hrdeten Vielfalt.\"\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Sie f\u00fcgt hinzu: \"Eine hohe sichtbare Vielfalt bei m\u00e4nnlichen Schmetterlingen untermauert die reale Bedeutung der sexuellen Selektion durch die Partnerwahl der Weibchen f\u00fcr die m\u00e4nnliche Variation, wie urspr\u00fcnglich von Darwin vorgeschlagen. F\u00e4lle, in denen weibliche Schmetterlinge sichtbar vielf\u00e4ltiger sind als die M\u00e4nnchen ihrer Art, sprechen f\u00fcr eine zus\u00e4tzliche, wichtige Rolle nat\u00fcrlich ausgew\u00e4hlter weiblicher Variation f\u00fcr die Vielfalt zwischen den Arten, wie von Wallace vorgeschlagen.\"<\/span><\/p>\n

    Dies ist nicht das erste Mal, dass KI auf die Evolutionsbiologie angewendet wird. Vor nicht allzu langer Zeit entwickelten Forscher der Colorado State University ein KI-System, um <\/span>erforschen, wie Elefanten kommunizieren<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Forscher fanden heraus, dass Elefanten sich gegenseitig beim Namen rufen, \u00e4hnlich wie Menschen.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Einer der Eckpfeiler von Darwins Evolutionstheorie war, dass Tiere, wie auch der Mensch, F\u00e4higkeiten wie die Sprache entwickelt haben, weil sie f\u00fcr ihr \u00dcberleben von \u00e4hnlichem Nutzen sind.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Die Autoren der Studie beschreiben, dass Elefanten aufgrund ihrer Notwendigkeit, in Gruppen zusammenzuarbeiten, wahrscheinlich \u00e4hnliche Kommunikationsmethoden wie Menschen entwickelt haben.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Wie Dr. Hoyal Cuthill von der Fakult\u00e4t f\u00fcr Biowissenschaften beschreibt: \"Dies ist eine aufregende Zeit, in der das maschinelle Lernen neue, gro\u00df angelegte Tests zu seit langem bestehenden Fragen der Evolutionswissenschaft erm\u00f6glicht.\"<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Die Evolutionsbiologie wurde von Charles Darwin definiert, aber er hatte seine Kritiker, wie Alfred Russel Wallace, der die Evolutionstheorie, wie wir sie heute kennen, erg\u00e4nzte. Nun hat die KI dank einer k\u00fcrzlich in der Zeitschrift Communications Biology ver\u00f6ffentlichten Studie der Universit\u00e4t Essex ihre eigene Forschung zu dieser Debatte beigetragen. Darwin und Wallace debattierten dar\u00fcber, was die bemerkenswerte Vielfalt, die wir in der Natur beobachten k\u00f6nnen, verursacht, insbesondere die auff\u00e4lligen Unterschiede zwischen M\u00e4nnchen und Weibchen derselben Art. Ein ausgepr\u00e4gter Sexualdimorphismus und Dichromatismus ist h\u00e4ufig bei Insekten und V\u00f6geln zu beobachten. Darwin schlug vor, dass das oft auff\u00e4llige Aussehen der m\u00e4nnlichen Mitglieder<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":13222,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[88],"tags":[353,105],"class_list":["post-13217","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ethics","tag-biology","tag-machine-learning"],"yoast_head":"\nAI unravels birdwing butterfly evolution, shedding light on evolutionary debates | DailyAI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/de\/2024\/07\/ai-unravels-birdwing-butterfly-evolution-shedding-light-on-evolutionary-debates\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"AI unravels birdwing butterfly evolution, shedding light on evolutionary debates | DailyAI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Evolutionary biology was defined by Charles Darwin, but he had his critics, such as Alfred Russel Wallace, who added the theory of evolution as we know it today.\u00a0 Now, AI has contributed its own research to this debate thanks to a recent study from the University of Essex published in Communications Biology. 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