{"id":4555,"date":"2023-08-23T19:30:59","date_gmt":"2023-08-23T19:30:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/?p=4555"},"modified":"2024-03-28T00:44:59","modified_gmt":"2024-03-28T00:44:59","slug":"exploring-impact-of-the-human-brain-project-hbp-on-science-and-ai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dailyai.com\/da\/2023\/08\/exploring-impact-of-the-human-brain-project-hbp-on-science-and-ai\/","title":{"rendered":"Unders\u00f8gelse af Human Brain Projects (HBP) indvirkning p\u00e5 videnskab og AI"},"content":{"rendered":"

Det ti \u00e5r lange European Human Brain Project (HBP) slutter til september og markerer et gribende \u00f8jeblik i den digitale neurovidenskabs og AI's historie.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u00e5begyndt i 2013, HBP'en<\/a> er et banebrydende projekt inden for neurovidenskab og teknologi, der har sat sig for at bygge realistiske simuleringer af den menneskelige hjerne.<\/span><\/p>\n

I marts i \u00e5r m\u00f8dtes n\u00e6sten 700 forskere fra 27 lande til den afsluttende HBP-topm\u00f8de<\/a> i Marseille, Frankrig,<\/span>\u00a0for at diskutere projektets varige bidrag og vejen frem for hjerneforskningen.<\/span><\/p>\n

Forskerne fremviste det v\u00e6ld af videnskabelige bidrag, der er kommet ud af dette samarbejde, og positionerede projektet som en hj\u00f8rnesten i tv\u00e6rfaglig forskning, eller \"Big Science\", som s\u00f8ger at eskalere videnskabelige programmer til internationale skalaer med massiv finansiering.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"HBP
The Human Brain Project (HBP). Kilde: HBP<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Selv om HBP er bev\u00e6bnet med storsl\u00e5ede m\u00e5l og omkring 600 mio. euro ($651 mio.) i finansiering, har det ikke altid v\u00e6ret en dans p\u00e5 roser.<\/span><\/p>\n

I l\u00f8bet af sin 10-\u00e5rige rejse har projektet v\u00e6ret centrum for adskillige kontroverser, <\/span>inklusive en underskriftsindsamling<\/span><\/a> fra omkring 150 neuroforskere, der erkl\u00e6rede, at de ikke ville deltage, f\u00f8r den ledende direkt\u00f8r, Henry Markram, blev fyret. <\/span><\/p>\n

Markrams ledelsesstil blev beskrevet som kaotisk og sporadisk, og b<\/span>I 2016 mistede han sin plads i projektets ledelse og blev beordret til ikke at tale med pressen. <\/span><\/p>\n

Fra 2016 til 2020 blev projektets ledelse kraftigt omstruktureret.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ikke desto mindre er HBP stadig et af de mest ambiti\u00f8se projekter af sin art og er forbundet med tusindvis af unders\u00f8gelser.<\/span><\/p>\n

Da forskningen i AI og maskinl\u00e6ring (ML) tog fart i l\u00f8bet af de sidste par \u00e5r, begyndte HBP at opfylde sine ambiti\u00f8se visioner om at modellere hjernens mest indviklede proces, men kom stort set til kort i forhold til at opn\u00e5 en sand forst\u00e5else af flygtige begreber som bevidsthed.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Man kan sige, at det er passende, at den menneskelige hjernes kompleksitet besejrede verdens mest ambiti\u00f8se neurovidenskabelige projekt.<\/span><\/p>\n

Det overskygger dog ikke helt projektets andre succeser. <\/span><\/p>\n

If\u00f8lge Katrin Amunts, videnskabelig forskningsdirekt\u00f8r for HBP, har projektet givet \"verdens f\u00f8rende 3D-hjerneatlas, gennembrud for personlig medicin baseret p\u00e5 computerbaseret hjernemodellering, hjerneafledt AI og computere, der giver en ny vej for teknologi, og meget mere.\"<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u00e5 trods af HPB's forest\u00e5ende afslutning var forskerne p\u00e5 konferencen optimistiske med hensyn til dens fremtidige virkninger.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Et projekt har pr. definition altid en begyndelse og en afslutning, men det, vi ser nu ved afslutningen af Human Brain Project, er en forts\u00e6ttelse,\" siger Viktor Jirsa, forsker fra Aix-Marseille University.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Stephanie Forkel fra Radboud University i Holland understregede vigtigheden af internationalt samarbejde og sagde: \"Vi er alle kommet ud af vores siloer.\"<\/span><\/p>\n

Et dokument, der blev pr\u00e6senteret p\u00e5 topm\u00f8det, og som 98 forskere fra 16 lande var medforfattere til, udstak en kollektiv vision for omr\u00e5det.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Dokumentet, som blev overdraget til Europa-Kommissionen under arrangementet, beskriver \"de forskningsomr\u00e5der, vi ser i de kommende \u00e5r, de n\u00f8dvendige instrumenter og de centrale muligheder\", if\u00f8lge Amunts.<\/span><\/p>\n

HBP's bidrag til medicinsk teknologi<\/span><\/h2>\n

Et flagskibs-output fra HBP er <\/span>EBRAINS<\/span><\/a>, en forskningsinfrastruktur, der giver \u00e5ben adgang til et v\u00e6ld af data, avancerede teknologier og tjenester til hjerneforskning.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ved at samle 3D-kort, der d\u00e6kker ca. 200 strukturer i hjernebarken og dybere omr\u00e5der af hjernen, har HBP-forskerne udviklet Human Brain Atlas, som er tilg\u00e6ngeligt via platformen.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Dette omfattende atlas giver et lagdelt billede af hjernens arkitektur, der omfatter alt fra cellul\u00e6re og molekyl\u00e6re strukturer til funktionelle klynger og forbindelsesnetv\u00e6rk.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"T\u00e6nk p\u00e5 Human Brain Atlas som neurovidenskabens Google Maps\", sagde Amunts p\u00e5 et pressem\u00f8de ved HBP Summit 2023 i marts.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Hjerneatlas\"
Hjerneatlas i EBRAINS. Kilde: EBRAINS<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Neuroforsker Nicola Palomero-Gallagher understregede nytten af denne platform og sagde: \"Arbejde, der tidligere tog mig to dage, tager mig nu kun ti minutter. Jeg arbejder med det menneskelige hjerneatlas p\u00e5 EBRAINS, som indeholder enormt store data, som du ikke bare kan h\u00e5ndtere p\u00e5 din normale b\u00e6rbare computer. Man har brug for supercomputere ... Nu er det virkelig blevet forenklet, og jeg kan f\u00e5 adgang til og arbejde med dataene fra hvor som helst i verden - og det kan enhver forsker i hjerneforskning ogs\u00e5!\"<\/span><\/p>\n

Der har ogs\u00e5 v\u00e6ret mange kliniske succeser. Forskning fra projektet har v\u00e6ret afg\u00f8rende for at unders\u00f8ge og udvikle nye behandlingsformer for neurologiske tilstande som epilepsi og Parkinsons sygdom. <\/span><\/p>\n

S<\/span>Forskere udforsker m\u00e5der at anvende teknikker til dyb hjernestimulering, oprindeligt modelleret og <\/span>forst\u00e5et gennem HBP-forskning<\/span><\/a>for at lindre symptomerne p\u00e5 Parkinsons sygdom.<\/span><\/p>\n

Brug af AI til at forst\u00e5 visuelle stimuli<\/span><\/h2>\n

Et af HBP's mest betydningsfulde resultater i de seneste \u00e5r er at forst\u00e5, hvordan <\/span>Hjernen behandler visuelle stimuli<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Forskere fra University of Amsterdam har observeret, at hjernens visuelle fortolkninger afh\u00e6nger af auditive og taktile input, ikke kun stimulienes visuelle egenskaber. <\/span>Vores synssans er t\u00e6t forbundet med andre sanser, som f.eks. h\u00f8relse og, overraskende nok, ber\u00f8ring. <\/span><\/p>\n

Det tyder p\u00e5, at vores forst\u00e5else af milj\u00f8et er en mere interaktiv og multisensorisk proces end hidtil antaget.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

HBP-forsker Cyriel Pennartz, en af unders\u00f8gelsens forfattere, forklarede, at dette multimodale syn p\u00e5 sansebearbejdning underst\u00f8tter teorien om \"neurorepr\u00e6sentationalisme\", som ser perception som \"konstruktionen af bedste bud p\u00e5 repr\u00e6sentationer af vores omgivelser\".<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u00e5 baggrund af denne forskning har forskere fra Graz University of Technology inden for HBP tr\u00e6net en storstilet AI-model, der efterligner musens prim\u00e6re visuelle cortex.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Derefter kan en s\u00e6rskilt unders\u00f8gelse<\/a> udviklet et hjerneimplantat til at give synshandicappede synet tilbage efter <\/span>Fors\u00f8g viste, at stimulering af den visuelle cortex fremkalder visuel perception hos aber.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Denne tilgang stimulerer hjernen direkte og g\u00e5r uden om \u00f8jnene og synsnerven i processen. Den er allerede blevet implementeret i en <\/span>Prototype-protese<\/span><\/a> der gjorde det muligt for en blind kvinde at \"se enkle former og bogstaver\" - et hidtil uset fremskridt i behandlingen af blindhed.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"AI-blindhed\"
Et kamera, der er forbundet med en eyetracker i brillestellet, overf\u00f8rer visuel information til hjerneimplantatet. Kilde: HBP<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

I 2023 er der sket en eksplosion af hjerne-computer-gr\u00e6nseflader (BCI'er), som n\u00f8jagtigt kan afl\u00e6se og analysere data fra hjernen og f\u00f8re dem ind i maskinl\u00e6ringsmodeller (ML). <\/span><\/p>\n

BCI'er er Genopfyldning af slagtilf\u00e6ldes liv<\/a> og overlevende fra ulykker, lammede personer og personer, der lider af invaliderende sygdomme som amyotrofisk lateral sklerose (ALS).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Emotivs
Hjerne-computer-gr\u00e6nseflader bruger invasive og ikke-invasive teknikker til at afl\u00e6se hjerneaktivitet og sende den videre til computere og AI-modeller. Kilde: Emotiv<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Dette er en \u00e6ra, hvor AI-modeller driver en r\u00e6kke mekaniske og teknologiske enheder, der g\u00f8r det muligt for mennesker at Bypass-rygmarvsskader<\/a> til at g\u00e5 naturligt, tale ved at forestille sig tanker<\/a>og fremkalde realistiske billeder ved at visualisere dem.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

I en ikke alt for fjern fremtid kan teknologi, der g\u00f8r det muligt for mennesker at manifestere komplekse handlinger gennem tanker, komme i kommerciel produktion.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Lektioner for Big Science<\/span><\/h2>\n

Selvom HBP tilbyder en r\u00e6kke resultater inden for neurovidenskab, biologi og teknologisk forskning, har det ikke v\u00e6ret uden tilbageslag.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Et af stridspunkterne er projektets alt for ambiti\u00f8se omfang, der sigter mod at give en omfattende forst\u00e5else af hele den menneskelige hjerne, en opgave, som mange mener stadig ligger uden for vores nuv\u00e6rende teknologiske og videnskabelige form\u00e5en. <\/span><\/p>\n

Mens Nylige unders\u00f8gelser<\/a> har gjort fremskridt med at konstruere let AI-hardware modelleret efter neuroner og andre hjernestrukturer, men de biologiske hjerners kompleksitet og effektivitet trodser den nuv\u00e6rende teknologi.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Selv om projektet er stort, er dets videnskabelige resultater blevet beskrevet som fragmenterede og mosaikagtige med fokus p\u00e5 enkelte aspekter af hjernen i stedet for et holistisk syn, som det oprindeligt var meningen.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Yves Fr\u00e9gnac, medlem af HBP, opsummerede dette ved at sige: \"Jeg ser ikke hjernen; jeg ser dele af hjernen.\"\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d8konomiske udfordringer har ogs\u00e5 plaget HBP. Oprindeligt blev der lovet et budget p\u00e5 1 milliard euro, men den endelige bevilling var 607 millioner euro.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Selvom HBP's fremtid er usikker, giver projektet - b\u00e5de med hensyn til forskning, ledelse og organisation - v\u00e6rdifulde erfaringer om faldgruberne og kompleksiteten i Big Science, is\u00e6r n\u00e5r massive budgetter og h\u00f8je forventninger kolliderer med storsl\u00e5ede visioner.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00e5r projektet g\u00e5r ind i sit afsluttende kapitel, vil det blive husket som en afg\u00f8rende, om end til tider polariserende, milep\u00e6l i vores s\u00f8gen efter at forst\u00e5 det mest komplekse organ i menneskekroppen. <\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Det ti \u00e5r lange europ\u00e6iske Human Brain Project (HBP) afsluttes i september og markerer et gribende \u00f8jeblik i den digitale neurovidenskabs og AI's historie. HBP blev indledt i 2013 og er et banebrydende projekt inden for neurovidenskab og teknologi, som havde til form\u00e5l at opbygge realistiske simuleringer af den menneskelige hjerne. I marts m\u00f8dtes n\u00e6sten 700 forskere fra 27 lande til det sidste HBP-topm\u00f8de i Marseille, Frankrig, for at diskutere projektets varige bidrag og vejen frem for hjerneforskningen. Forskerne fremviste det v\u00e6ld af videnskabelige bidrag, der er kommet ud af dette samarbejde, og placerede projektet som en hj\u00f8rnesten i tv\u00e6rfaglig forskning.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":4558,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[84],"tags":[203,280,204,105,101,331],"class_list":["post-4555","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-industry","tag-biotech","tag-brain-machine-interface-bmi","tag-healthcare","tag-machine-learning","tag-medtech","tag-neuroscience"],"yoast_head":"\nExploring impact of the Human Brain Project (HBP) on science and AI | DailyAI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The decade-long European Human Brain Project (HBP) is drawing to a close this September, marking a poignant moment in the history of digital neuroscience.\u00a0\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" 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